基于知识图谱的燃煤电厂与汞研究态势分析

为追踪燃煤电厂与汞的最新进展和排放控制,基于Web of Science数据来源,使用VOSViewer、CiteSpace软件对比了论文数量时间变化、主题演化路径,主要研究实力分布、高影响力论文等知识图谱进行了比较分析,系统了解到中美两国在该领域研究领先,而近期热点是围绕烟气、减排和有害微量元素。     

特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中氯的国标检测方法适用性

依据GB 5009.44—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氯化物的测定》，对特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中氯的检测方法适用性展开研究。结果表明：采用GB 5009.44—2016第三法（银量法）检测特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中乳蛋白部分水解配方、乳蛋白深度水解配方、氨基酸配方得到的样品加标回收率分别为95%～108%、98%～125%、100%～106%，相对标准偏差为12.7%～32.9%；采用GB 5009.44—2016第一法（电位滴定法）得到的检测结果低于第三法检测结果。     

4种氯制剂对养殖废水中高硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的影响

在高硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐养殖水体中添加一定浓度氯制剂,研究了漂白粉、漂粉精、强氯精和二氧化氯对养殖水体高亚硝酸盐和高硝酸盐消除能力的影响。结果发现：4种氯制剂对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐消除都有显著性效果(P<0.05),水体中氨氮在试验过程中无显著变化,浓度为0.00 mg/L;二氧化氯组消除效果最明显,30 min时硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的消除率高达99%、100%,处理组和空白组的硝酸盐浓度为(0.15±0.72)、(16.82±0.97) mg/L,亚硝酸盐浓度为(0.07±0.01)、(19.95±0.61) mg/L,强氯精次之,漂白粉效果最差,30 min时消除率分别为50%、38%,漂白粉和空白组硝酸盐的浓度为(8.49±0.66)、(16.82±0.97) mg/L,亚硝酸盐浓度为(12.33±0.48)、(19.95±0.6) mg/L;水体的pH值在试验后,各处理组都发生了显著的变化(P<0.05),空白组pH 7.63±0.10,强氯精和二氧化氯添加组,pH值都为降低趋势,二氧化氯组pH值降幅最大(pH 2.68±0.06),漂白粉和漂粉精添加组,pH值呈升高趋势,漂白粉组pH值升幅最大(pH 9.6)。通过本试验的研究,4种氯制剂在消除养殖废水中高亚硝酸盐效果显著,并且无氨氮累积,不产生二次污染物,对于养殖废水的处理排放及循环使用有重要意义。     

不同采收时期对香椿饲用品质的影响

[目的]对不同采收时期所得香椿复叶的粗蛋白、类黄酮、总硝酸盐含量及其抗氧化活性进行分析比较,确定饲用香椿复叶的最佳采收时期。[方法]以5月15日至11月1日逐月采收的香椿复叶为材料,测定其粗蛋白、类黄酮及总硝酸盐含量,并利用ORAC、DPPH、FRAP法测定其抗氧化活性,综合营养及保健活性分析,筛选最适饲用采收时期。[结果]不同采收期,香椿复叶粗蛋白、类黄酮、硝酸盐含量及抗氧化活性差异显著(P0.05)。其中,复叶粗蛋白含量(全采收期13.17%～22.65%)随其成熟度增加而呈下降趋势,除10月中旬后的样品外,其余采收期复叶粗蛋白含量均大于15%,远高于常规粮食饲料,具有高蛋白的饲用优势;类黄酮含量突出(全采收期均值15.87 mg·g~(-1)),远高于蓝莓等常见果蔬,且随复叶成熟而持续积累,并于10月达到最高27.02 mg·g~(-1);ORAC、DPPH、FRAP法测定结果均表明香椿复叶具有突出的抗氧化活性,且随复叶成熟而持续增加,并与其类黄酮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);香椿复叶大量富集硝酸盐(全采收期2 306.39～7 346.80 mg·kg~(-1)),且随其叶片成熟呈"V"形积累,7—8月中旬采收的香椿复叶硝酸盐含量处峰谷阶段,此间均值为2 603.78 mg·kg~(-1),相对适于进行饲用采收。[结论]不同采收期香椿复叶的饲用品质差异显著,综合考虑其营养价值及保健功效, 7—8月中旬是对香椿复叶进行饲用采收的最适采收时期。     

Effect of miconazole nitrate on immunological response and its preventive efficacy in Labeo rohita fingerlings against oomycetes Saprolegnia parasitica

This study evaluated the effect of sublethal doses of antifungal drug miconazole nitrate (MCZ) on immunological responses and its role as a prophylactic drug against S. parasitica in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were fed with sublethal doses of MCZ, that is, T1—6.30 mgMCZ kgBW^?1, T2—12.61 mgMCZ kgBW^?1 and T3—25.22 mgMCZ kgBW^?1, and sampling was done at different time intervals for 240 hr. Immunological parameters viz. lysozyme activity, oxygen radical production and plasma antiprotease activity showed significant enhancement (p < 0.05) in fish fed with T2 and T3 doses. Expression of immune‐relevant genes such as TLR‐22 and β2‐M showed significantly higher expression at 6 hr and 24 hr of sampling in both liver and head kidney. However, these genes showed a downregulation after 120 hr of sampling in both the tissues. Preventive efficacy study showed that single dose of MCZ provides protection against oomycetes up to the fourth day of infection. Significantly higher mortality was observed in control diet‐fed fish as compared to fish fed with MCZ medicated diet. Thus, it can be concluded that the MCZ can act as a potent antifungal agent for preventing oomycetes infection as well as to enhance the immune response.     

Effects of partial replacement of nitrate with different nitrogen forms on the yield,quality and nitrate content of Chinese kale

In this study, the yields, nutritional qualities and nitrate (NO₃) content of Chinese kale were studied with two cultivars, following partial replacement of nitrate (20%) with ammonium (NH₄), urea and glycine in hydroponics. The results showed that, compared with the full nitrate treatment, ammonium replacement increased the fresh weight by 18.1% and 8.0% of ‘Zaobao’ and ‘Lvbao’ cultivars respectively, whereas urea and glycine replacements decreased the biomass significantly. Adding different nitrogen (N) forms significantly improved the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, free amino acid, protein, soluble phenol and flavonoids in Chinese kale. Adding the three alternative N forms also reduced nitrate content significantly, in which glycine replacement was the lowest. According to the results obtained, different forms of N replacement could be used for different purposes. Glycine replacement could be the best alternative only to improve qualities, while ammonium replacement could be the best alternative to improve both the yield and qualities.     

Influence of nitrogen fertilizer forms and crop straw biochars on soil exchange properties and maize growth on an acidic Ultisol

Effects of repeated application of urea (UN) and calcium nitrate (CN) singly and together with crop straw biochars on soil acidity and maize growth were investigated with greenhouse pot experiments for two consecutive seasons. Canola straw biochar (CB), peanut straw biochar (PB) and wheat straw biochar (WB) were applied at 1% of dried soil weight in the first season. N fertilizers were applied at 200 mg N kg^?1. In UN treatments, an initial rise in pH was subjected to proton consumption through urea hydrolysis, afterwards nitrification of NH₄⁺ caused drastic reductions in pH as single UN had soil pH of 3.70, even lower than control (4.27) after the 2nd crop season. Post-harvest soil analyses indicated that soil pH, soil exchangeable acidity, NH₄⁺, NO₃^? and total base cations showed highly significant variation under N and biochar types (P < 0.05). Articulated growth of plants under combined application with biochars was expressed by 22.7%, 22.5%, and 35.7% higher root and 25.6%, 23.8%, and 35.9% higher shoot biomass by CB, PB and WB combined with CN over UN, respectively. Therefore, CN combined with biochars is a better choice to correct soil acidity and improve maize growth than UN combined with biochars.     

我国土壤-蔬菜作物系统重金属污染及其安全生产综合农艺调控技术

近年来,重金属污染耕地安全利用技术研究取得了突破进展,然而将这些关键技术与蔬菜传统高度集约化种植模式进行耦合的研究还比较少,大规模推广应用鲜见报道。因此,本文在查阅最新发表文献的基础上,梳理了我国土壤-蔬菜作物系统重金属污染状况,归纳了蔬菜作物重金属吸收积累特征,并总结了重金属污染蔬菜地安全生产综合农艺调控技术研究进展。当前,我国蔬菜地土壤重金属污染以中轻度为主,且区域分异明显。蔬菜作物重金属超标现象在全国各地时有发生,给蔬菜产业发展和人类健康带来了极大的危害。蔬菜作物对重金属的积累能力因种类、品种、部位而异,受基因型、土壤理化性质和外界环境条件的制约,因此调整种植布局、选用重金属低积累品种、合理轮间套作、施用土壤改良剂和钝化剂、优化水肥管理技术等农艺调控措施是目前中轻度重金属污染蔬菜地安全利用的重要技术途径。未来在进一步深入研究土壤-蔬菜系统重金属迁移转化规律的基础上,宜加强土壤-蔬菜地系统安全生产技术标准、传统种植模式与综合农艺调控措施耦合技术、长期定位试验及风险评价等方面的研究,以实现重金属中轻度污染蔬菜地的安全利用和农产品的安全生产。     

有机肥及DMPP对蔬菜生产及硝态氮淋失的影响

研究在等氮条件下有机无机肥配施及添加硝化抑制剂DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)对蔬菜产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响,旨在为蔬菜安全生产和地下水环境质量保护提供理论依据。采用大型原状土柱系统,连续种植3季蔬菜(蕹菜、苋菜和萝卜),以施有机肥的氮素量占总氮施用量的质量分数为依据,设置8个施肥处理:不施肥(CK)、纯化肥(CF)、30%有机肥+70%无机肥(30%OM)、50%有机肥+50%无机肥(50%OM)、70%有机肥+30%无机肥(70%OM)、纯化肥+DMPP(CF+DMPP)、30%有机肥+70%无机肥+DMPP(30%OM+DMPP)和50%有机肥+50%无机肥+DMPP(50%OM+DMPP)。结果表明:1)随有机肥施用比例增大,蔬菜产量呈下降趋势,但施用比例不高于50%时产量下降不显著;随有机肥施用比例增大土壤硝态氮淋失量及蔬菜硝酸盐均降低,50%OM处理土壤淋失液硝态氮平均浓度及淋失量较CF处理显著降低了29.29%和25.39%,氮肥表观利用率及表观淋失率分别为22.60%和8.82%。2)硝化抑制剂DMPP对蔬菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响与蔬菜种类和种植季候密切相关,降低土壤硝态氮淋失的效果为CF+DMPP30%OM+DMPP50%OM+DMPP,但DMPP的抑制效果会随有机肥的比例增加而降低。50%OM+DMPP处理氮肥表观淋失率和表观利用率分别为4.70%和26.26%。3)试验期间,3季蔬菜水分输入(降雨和灌溉)分别为总水分输入量的49.82%(蕹菜季)、23.03%(苋菜季)和27.15%(萝卜季);水分淋失量为总淋失量的46.75%(蕹菜季)、19.66%(苋菜季)和33.59%(萝卜季);硝态氮淋失量为总淋失量的73.77%(蕹菜季)、2.31%(苋菜季)和23.92%(萝卜季)。研究表明,50%OM+DMPP处理,是保证蔬菜产量品质,同时有效降低土壤硝态氮淋失量的最优处理;降雨和施肥措施是影响土壤硝态氮淋失的重要因素,合理配施有机肥及添加DMPP并根据蔬菜生长需肥特性进行施肥能有效应对连续降雨造成的硝态氮大量淋失。