湖北三峡库区晚熟脐橙不同海拔果实品质变化及枯水防控技术研究

以湖北三峡库区秭归地区不同海拔伦晚脐橙（Citrus sinensis Osbeck ‘Lane late’ Navel）果实为试验材料，探讨了湖北三峡库区晚熟脐橙果实枯水防控栽培技术，进行了晚熟脐橙种植区域布局研究，结果表明，在湖北三峡库区，江南晚熟脐橙适宜区域化种植在海拔360 m以下，江北在海拔350 m以下。在适宜范围外，随海拔升高，晚熟脐橙果实品质下降，可食率、果汁率降低，酸下降快，化渣性变差，果实枯水加重。其次，探讨了晚熟脐橙果实枯水防控生产技术，冬季套袋试验效果好，果实枯水比率控制在5%以下，显著低于对照果实（枯水率50%），可有效减轻和防止晚熟脐橙果实枯水，而且套袋果实外观好，品质优。覆膜技术效果其次，果实枯水比率可以控制在20%以下，而且该技术简便、劳动量小且成本较低，可以在生产中应用。     

南亚热带杉木人工成熟林密度对土壤养分效应研究

[目的]研究5种不同密度林分土壤剖面养分含量的变化规律。[方法]以广西大青山37年生杉木密度试验林为研究对象,测定了A(1 667株·hm-2)、B(3 333株·hm-2)、C(5 000株·hm-2)、D(6 667株·hm-2)、E(10 000株·hm-2)5种密度下0 100 cm土层土壤养分含量。利用单因素方差分析和多重比较判断不同密度和不同土层土壤养分含量的差异。[结果]表明:(1)杉木人工成熟林大多数土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效性铁含量在A、B等低密度林分中最高,并且在0 30 cm的土壤中,随密度的增加表现出总体下降的变化趋势,而土壤pH值与全钾、速效钾随密度的增加而上升,交换性钙与交换性镁含量受密度影响不明显;(2)土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁和有效性铁含量均随土层深度的增加而明显下降,0 30 cm表层土壤的降幅较大,密度对不同土壤深度养分含量的变化具有一定影响。[结论]初植密度对杉木人工成熟林土壤养分含量影响明显,低初植密度更有利于杉木人工林土壤肥力的长期维持,南亚热带杉木林密度对土壤养分的影响深度可达60 cm。     

沙糖橘·西番莲·荸荠复合果蔬汁饮料的配方工艺研究

[目的]探讨沙糖橘、西番莲、荸荠复合果蔬汁饮料最佳配方工艺。[方法]以沙糖橘、西番莲、荸荠为主要原料,以感官评价为指标,通过单因素和正交试验确定复合果蔬汁饮料产品的最佳配方。[结果]复合果蔬汁最佳的配方:复合果蔬汁配比沙糖橘汁∶西番莲汁∶荸荠汁为5∶2∶3,复合果蔬汁含量35%,白砂糖含量10%,柠檬酸含量0.05%。[结论]该配方工艺生产的复合果蔬汁饮料营养丰富,并具有与新鲜果肉相似的香气、色泽,口感独特。     

Iron and/or acid foliar spray versus soil application of Fe-EDDHA for prevention of iron deficiency in Valencia orange grown on a calcareous soil

A two-year experiment was conducted in an iron(Fe)-deficient orchard with calcareous soil to find out an alternate method for soil application of Fe ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (Fe-EDDHA) in orange trees. Foliar sprays of Fe-EDDHA (5 g l^?1, pH = 7.8), sulfuric acid (pH = 3), citric acid (5 g l^?1, pH = 2.4), Fe (II) sulfate solutions (250, 500, and 750 mg Fe l^?1) with their initial pH (6.5, 6.35, and 6.12) and reduced ones to pH of 3 were compared with soil applied (75 g tree^?1) Fe-EDDHA and a control test. Although optimum chlorophyll content, leaf Fe concentration, fruit quantitative and qualitative attributes were resulted from soil application of Fe-EDDHA, repeated sprays of Fe-EDDHA or acidified Fe solutions created suitable results. Acidification of Fe solutions made them more effective in alleviation of leaf Fe concentration and Fe chlorosis, probably due to remobilization of inactive Fe within the plant and prevention of Fe oxidation and precipitation in foliar solutions.     

不同青贮玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期耐盐碱性综合评价

以25个不同青贮玉米品种为试验材料，在宁夏银川北部盐碱地，通过测定不同品种大喇叭口期和成熟期的表型性状和光合气体交换参数进行耐盐碱性鉴定，并利用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数法对不同青贮玉米的耐盐碱强弱进行综合评价。结果表明：各青贮玉米品种处于不同生育期时对盐碱的敏感程度不同（发育阶段性），同一时期不同品种之间耐盐碱性也存在着差异（品种特异性）。根据综合评价值（D值）大小，将耐盐碱性分为三级：D值大于0.6为强耐盐碱性材料；D值在0.2~0.6之间为中耐盐碱性材料；D值低于0.2为对盐碱敏感的材料。其中，在大喇叭口期时具有强耐盐碱性的材料有：科多8号、桂青贮1号和133-2/1528，D值分别为0.770、0.705和0.614；在成熟期时具有强耐盐碱性的材料有：H14/A18和桂青贮1号，D值分别为0.761和0.728；而表现为敏盐性的材料为H14/1528，D值在大喇叭口期和成熟期时分别为0.140和0.155；其余品种均属于中度耐盐碱材料，D值处于0.2~0.6之间。     

Orange peel fragment improves antioxidant capacity and haematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress

This study evaluated the ability of orange peel fragment (OPF) to act as a functional feedstuff, influencing growth, haematological profile, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nile tilapia subjected heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress (HDOIS). A group of 440 male Nile tilapia (31.7 g ± 0.34) was randomly distributed in 40 250‐L aquaria (11 fish/tank) and fed five practical diets with graded levels of OPF at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% for 70 days. The diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 18 MJ/kg crude energy. After the feeding period, growth performance was evaluated and six fish per treatment were sampled for haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity, before and after HDOIS. Then, fish were subjected to HDOIS (32°C/2.3 mg/L dissolved oxygen) for three days and the same haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined. There was no effect of OPF on the haematological profile, either before or after HDOIS. The polynomial regression model was used to express the relationship between antioxidant enzymes activity and OPF supplementation level. The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase was reached at 0.66%, 0.63%, and 0.68% of OPF respectively. Results of the present study suggest that a dietary supplementation level of 0.63%–0.68% of orange peel fragment was appropriate to maintain Nile tilapia haematological profile and improve its antioxidant capacity under HDOIS.     

烤烟成熟期淀粉代谢关键酶活性与基因表达研究

【目的】探讨烤烟成熟期淀粉积累状况与淀粉代谢关键酶活性及其基因表达的关系,明确烤烟成熟期淀粉代谢的分子调控机制,为优质烟叶生产提供理论依据。【方法】以不同淀粉积累型烤烟品种秦烟96和豫烟6号为材料,测定成熟期烟叶淀粉含量及比例(直链淀粉、支链淀粉)和淀粉代谢关键酶活性,并对其关键酶基因(NtAGPase、NtGBSSⅠ、NtSSS、NtSBE、NtDBE、Ntα-amylase和Ntβ-amylase)进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。【结果】在烤烟发育成熟期,烟叶淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,烟叶生理成熟期(移栽后85 d)其含量最高;随着烟叶的成熟,烟叶中支链淀粉所占比例逐渐增加。烤烟成熟期AGPase、GBSSⅠ、SSS、SBE和DBE活性呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而烟叶淀粉酶活性则随着烟叶的成熟先降低后升高,烟叶过熟时其活性显著升高;与烟叶淀粉代谢关键酶活性变化趋势不同,其相关基因表达量变化差异较大。烟叶打顶至适熟阶段,AGPase和GBSSⅠ活性与烟叶直链淀粉含量相关性显著,对烟叶直链淀粉的积累贡献最大,NtGBSSⅠ对直链淀粉代谢起主要调控作用;SSS、SBE和DBE活性对烟叶支链淀粉积累起重要作用,NtSBE和NtDBE对烟叶支链淀粉代谢起主要调控作用。当烟叶由适熟至过熟时,淀粉酶(α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶)主要参与烟叶的淀粉代谢活动。同一生态环境和栽培条件下,秦烟96淀粉积累较多,具有较高的支链淀粉比例。【结论】烤烟碳水化合物积累以淀粉为主,AGPase和GBSSⅠ是影响直链淀粉积累的关键酶,SSS、SBE和DBE对支链淀粉积累有重要作用,SBE和DBE活性的差异可能是造成烟叶直链淀粉与支链淀粉比值不同的重要原因。     

Effect of marinade containing thyme and orange oils on broiler breast fillet and whole wing aerobic bacteria during refrigerated storage

Raw meat typically hosts spoilage organisms and sometimes hosts pathogens; to combat this, natural antimicrobial interventions have gained interest among consumers. In a previous study a marinade containing a thyme-orange essential oils combination (TOC) at the 0.5% level was found to inhibit Salmonella and Campylobacter species. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a salt-phosphate marinade solution with 0.5% TOC (treatment) or without TOC (control) applied by vacuum tumbling on the shelf life of broiler breast fillets and whole wings. The total aerobic and facultative mesophiles (TAM) occurring naturally on these products during refrigerated storage for 14 d (at 1, 7, 10, and 14 d) were enumerated. A total of 48 (24 for each trial) skinless breast fillets and 48 (24 for each trial) whole wings were used for the 2 trials. For each trial, 12 of the 24 breast fillets or wings were marinated using the control marinade solution and the remaining 12 were marinated in the treatment marinade solution. On d 1, 7, 10, and 14, 3 treatment and 3 control breast fillets and wings were randomly selected for TAM enumeration. Sample rinsates were plated in duplicate and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Thyme-orange combination marinade significantly reduced TAM numbers on d 1, 7, and 10 compared with the controls. Log reductions of 0.3, 0.9, and 1.1 were recorded on d 1, 7, and 10, respectively. The difference in TAM between the treated and untreated whole wings was not significant. Therefore, 0.5% TOC in marinade can be used as a natural antimicrobial to reduce TAM on skinless breast fillets; however, a higher concentration may be required for skin-on products.     

成龄胶园间作不同姜科作物对土壤养分与土壤酶的影响

研究成龄胶园条件下间作不同姜科作物对胶园土壤养分和土壤酶的影响,为成龄胶园姜科作物间作合理施肥和土壤培肥提供理论依据。以间作3种姜科作物的胶园为处理,以单作胶园土壤为对照,采用土壤常规分析方法分别测定土壤养分和土壤酶。结果表明：间作的3种姜科作物对胶园土壤的全钾、硝态氮含量（除生姜外）、pH（除生姜外）、酸性磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性（除草豆蔻外）的影响不显著;显著降低了有机质、全磷、速效磷、全氮（除草豆蔻外）含量、土壤脲酶活性;显著增加了铵态氮（除砂仁外）、速效钾及土壤蔗糖酶活性。这些结果说明,间作姜科作物能改善土壤的土壤硝态氮、铵态氮及速效钾含量,短时期内能提高土壤的供氮、供钾能力,但降低了土壤磷含量和土壤磷的供应能力。由此可见,在成龄胶园内进行间作,必须加强间作物施肥,以实现土壤养分收支平衡,维护土壤功能、保护土壤质量。     

微波辅助提取桔皮中天然抗氧化剂的研究

以桔皮为原料，乙醇为溶剂，在微波功率900W，提取温度75℃条件下，通过单因素试验探讨了乙醇体积分数、浸提时间、料液比对总黄酮提取率的影响，并通过正交试验对桔皮中黄酮类化合物提取工艺进行了研究。结果表明，用微波法从桔皮中提取总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数75％，浸提时间7min，料液比l：30。用此工艺提取的总黄酮得率为12．04％。通过1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）法测定不同工艺条件下桔皮提取物的抗氧化性能，表明不同工艺的桔皮提取物均有一定的清除DPPH自由基的能力，其清除率与总黄酮的含量有一定的量效关系。