Changes in soil macropores: Superposition of the roles of organic nutrient amendments and the greenhouse pattern in vegetable plantations

Organic farming can potentially mitigate soil compaction, which commonly occurs in vegetable plantations, particularly in greenhouses when compared with open‐air systems. Although several studies have addressed the effect of planting patterns on soil pore characteristics, few studies have focused on changes in pore attributes under organic fertilization. We used adjacent fields during green manure planting as a control to compare the differences in soil physicochemical and macropore parameters between 14‐year‐old greenhouse plots and open‐air plots under organic fertilization. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to analyse the drivers of soil macropore characteristics in vegetable plantations in Jiangsu Province, China. A significant increase in connectivity, fractal dimensions and total macroporosity and a decrease in bulk density after 14 years of organic farming, particularly in the surface layer in the greenhouse, were observed. However, the difference in pores in the plough pan layer was not significant between the treatments. The volume of small pores (50–500 μm) and medium pores (500–1,000 μm) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both the greenhouse and open‐air systems, showing significantly positive relationships with soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) content. Large pores (>1,000 μm) showed a clear decrease, especially in open‐air fields, possibly due to the disappearance of the original straw residues in the surface layer. Small and medium pores in the plough layer increased in greenhouse fields, whereas the opposite occurred in open‐air fields. Overall, compared with open‐air systems, long‐term organic greenhouse patterns had a significantly positive effect on soil pore attributes.     

Spatially distributed morphological characteristics of macropores in forest soils of Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed, Japan

Morphological characteristics of macropores in forest soil profiles were investigated at Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed in Japan. Nine individual profiles at different locations (various spatial scales in a catchment) and twenty profiles at one site (a small spatial scale) were excavated to the bedrock to investigate density, origin, diameter, direction, and gradient of macropores. Macropore densities in a soil profile ranged from 3.5 to 29.1 per m and from 5.4 to 75.1 per m², respectively. Subsurface erosion, root channels, and interactions between subsurface erosion and root channels accounted for 36.9, 36.5, and 19.0%, of the described macropores. The mean macropore diameter in organic-rich soil layer (17–20 mm) was larger than in the B horizon (11–14 mm) at both spatial scales. The dominant gradients of all macropores in the organic-rich soil layer and B horizon were at negative oblique angles. Approximately 90% of the macropores in the organic-rich soil layer and approximately 80% of the macropores in the B horizon fell within the range between −50 and 50 degree planar direction. Subsurface flow and root systems are believed to play important roles in determining the morphological characteristics of macropores. These characteristics appear to have variable influences in different soil horizons rather than at different spatial scales. A part of this paper was presented at the 103th (1992) and 105th (1994) Annual Meetings of Japanese Forestry Society.     

利用CT扫描技术确定土壤大孔隙分形维数

土壤大孔隙的大小、形状和分布对水及溶质在土壤中的运移有着深刻影响,由于土壤大孔隙的分布呈现分形规律,根据采用CT扫描法得到的原状土柱各断面图像,采用计盒维数法计算出各断面土壤大孔隙的分形维数。     

The growth of tagestes erecta,petunia hybrida nana compacta and myosotis alpestris in a range of peat‐based container media

Abstract

The dry matter yield and nitrogen content of marigold (Tagestes erecta), petunia (Petunia hybrida nana compacta) and forget‐me‐not (Myosotis alpestris) plants growing in a range of peat‐based container media amended with different proportions of either sand, perlite, pumice, sawdust, bark chips or soil were studied under glasshouse nursery conditions.

Plant responses differed between species as manifested by their different correlations with measured moisture and aeration characteristics of the media. Marigold and petunia were adversely affected by excessive moisture content as demonstrated by their negative correlation with micropore water and container capacity. However, forget‐me‐not, being adapted to relatively high moisture regimes, responded adversely to increased aeration.     

重庆江津区柑橘地土壤大孔隙特征

以重庆市江津区不同柑橘地为研究对象,采用土壤坡面染色法标记大孔隙、利用土壤水分穿透曲线方法及Poiseulle方程分析其土壤大孔隙特征。结果表明:染色区较非染色区有更大的稳定出流速率,大孔隙使染色区的水分渗透速率较非染色区提高了1.48倍以上,随着土层深度增加,其提高程度有增大的趋势。虽然染色区较非染色区更利于水分或溶液传导,但相比非染色区,染色区水分渗透曲线的波动更大。柑橘地大孔隙孔径范围在0.3～1.7mm之间,0.3～0.7mm孔径数量虽然为104数量级,但对染色溶液优先迁移的作用较弱;实际影响染色溶液迁移的为半径大于0.7mm的土壤大孔隙;20年林龄柑橘地10-20cm土层有效大孔隙数量高于10年林龄柑橘地。半径大于1.0mm的大孔隙在水分输入初期起到迅速排导水分的作用。柑橘地土壤大孔隙率在1.5%～19.5%之间,与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关关系,决定了稳定出流速率71.9%的变异;半径大于0.7mm的大孔隙数量与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关关系,决定了稳定出流速率90.9%的变异。     

土壤优先流模型理论与观测技术的研究进展

优先流是土壤中常见的和重要的水流运动和溶质运移形式。由于土壤优先流的形成和影响因素众多、表现形式多样,加之土壤优先流的快速非平衡特征明显以及土壤高度的空间变异性,准确描述和模拟土壤优先流的时空变化特征一直以来都是土壤水文学界的热点问题和难点问题。该文从优先流的定义、表现类型、形成和影响因素、模型理论与观测技术等5个方面综述了土壤优先流的研究进展,指出该领域今后的主要研究方向为建立土壤优先流的统一判别标准、提升优先流模型理论的有效性、发展优先流的专用观测技术设备。文章对深入研究土壤优先流具有参考价值。     

不同大孔隙深度对土壤水分入渗特性的影响

利用特定粒径砂石和特制模具模拟同一有效面孔隙度、不同深度的大孔隙域.研究积水入渗条件下水分在其中的三维运移行为.实验研究表明,大孔隙的存在导致水分入渗湿润锋在入渗初期剧烈紊动,但随着入渗的推移湿润锋逐渐平稳且其稳定的转折时间和孔隙深度相关性较高;大孔隙域的存在使得水分迅速充满孔隙域并到达大孔隙域底部.造成初期水分垂直和径向两部分入渗,累积入渗增量随着孔隙深度的增大而加大并与孔隙深度呈一定的函数关系;大孔隙域的存在使得湿润锋在转折时间T_p前后表现出不同的现象,大孔隙域中心处的湿润锋为入渗过程中的最深值即特征湿润锋Z_(mf),实验分析Z_(mf)与孔隙深度Z在转折时间T_p前后呈同一函数关系但前后系数不同.利用偏差J_p对所建立的回归函数模型进行了累积入渗量I、特征湿润锋Zmf预测值和实测值之间的精度检验.结果表明其满足精度要求.     

喷灌和畦灌对冬小麦农田表层土壤结构的影响

A two-year experiment was carried out on the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the topsoil structure in a winter wheat field. A border-irrigated field was used as the control group. The total soil porosity, pore size distribution, pore shape distribution, soil cracks and soil compaction were measured. The sprinkler irrigation brought significant changes to the total soil porosity, capillary porosity, air-filled porosity and pore shape of topsoil layers in comparison with the border irrigation. The total porosity and air-filled porosity of the topsoil in the sprinkler irrigation were higher than those in the border irrigation. The changes in the air-filled and elongated pores were the main reasons for the changes in total porosity. The porosities of round and irregular pores in topsoil under sprinkler irrigation were lower than those under border irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation produced smaller soil cracks than border irrigation did, so sprinkler irrigation may restrain the development of macropore flow in comparison with border irrigation. The topsoil was looser under sprinkler irrigation than under border irrigation. According to the conditions of topsoil structure, it is preferable for crops to grow under sprinkler irrigation than under border irrigation.     

农田大孔隙对土壤水运动和溶质运移的影响研究

通过农场原状土和回填土试验地块比较试验 ,研究了天然土壤中的大孔隙对水分和溶质在土壤中迁移的影响。运用水分及污染物耦合数值计算模型 ,分别模拟计算了水分及保守性污染物质在原状土和回填土中的迁移规律 ,模型参数反映二试验地块不同土壤结构特征 ,数值计算成果得到了试验资料的验证