不同起垄方式对植烟土壤物理特性及烤后烟叶产质量的影响

为了探讨起垄方式与移栽方式对河南省周口市烟区植烟土壤物理特性和烤后烟叶产质量的影响,以筛选适合周口烟区烤烟产质量和土壤物理特性同步提高的起垄与移栽处理组合模式。采用田间试验法,以‘中烟100’为研究材料,依据起垄方式与移栽方式设置龟背型膜上移栽(T1)、龟背型膜下移栽(T2)、中凹型膜下移栽(T3)和中凹型膜上移栽(T4)4个试验处理,研究不同起垄方式对土壤物理特性和烤后烟叶产质量的影响。结果显示,中凹型起垄的单独和复合处理均可以有效地改善土壤的物理特性和提高烟叶的产质量,其中以中凹型起垄配合膜下移栽处理(T3)效果最好。与T1相比,T3处理可以显著提高各土层土壤含水率和总孔隙度,降低土壤容重,明显促进烤后烟叶中化学成分更加协调,上部叶中性致香物质含量较T1提高了15.96%,产量和产值较T1处理显著提高。因此,中凹型起垄膜下移栽处理更有利于改善植烟土壤物理特性和提高烤后烟叶产质量,是最佳种植模式,结果为河南省周口烟区适宜的烟草种植模式提供理论依据。     

纵轴流玉米脱粒分离装置喂入量与滚筒转速试验

在玉米籽粒直收过程中,脱粒滚筒转速与联合收获机的额定喂入量相匹配才能发挥出最佳的作业效果。为了获得不同喂入量时玉米联合收获机最优的滚筒转速范围,设计了一种零部件可更换、结构参数和工作参数均可调的纵轴流玉米脱粒分离装置,并在自主研制的试验台上以脱粒滚筒转速、喂入量为影响因素,以籽粒破碎率、未脱净率为性能指标进行玉米脱粒试验。通过台架试验、回归分析和单变量求解,最终确定了不同喂入量的最优滚筒转速范围:喂入量为8 kg/s时,最优的滚筒转速为254~486 r/min;喂入量为10 kg/s时,最优的滚筒转速为278~466 r/min;喂入量为12 kg/s时,最优的滚筒转速为313~445 r/min。在以上条件下籽粒破碎率均小于5%,未脱净率小于2%,达到了国家和相关标准的要求。     

Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

四要素变量施肥机肥箱施肥量控制算法设计与试验

针对黑龙江农垦地区垄作玉米施肥过程中遇到的肥料分层问题，设计了一种四要素变量施肥控制系统。系统采用电液比例控制技术，主要由液晶显示终端、变量施肥控制器、4路液压马达和编码器、4路排肥机构（排肥轴和外槽轮）和GNSS模块组成。为了实现氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和微肥的一次性及时、准确施用，提出了一种基于复合交叉原则的各路施肥量确定策略，基于PID技术设计了液压马达控制算法。根据用户在变量施肥控制软件中设置的目标施肥量，系统自动确定各肥箱精确施肥量，基于PID液压马达控制算法，实时计算4路液压马达的目标转速，同步向控制器发送4路转速指令，一次性完成氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和微肥4种肥料的同步变量施用。为了验证各路施肥量控制算法的效果，分别进行了PID算法响应时间和精度试验、变量施肥系统单质肥排肥性能验证试验和作业条件下各肥箱施肥量控制算法验证试验。试验结果表明，基于PID技术的排肥轴转速控制算法响应时间不大于0.5s；变量施肥系统单质肥排肥性能误差绝对值不大于3%；作业条件下各路施肥量控制算法显著减少了氮素的施用量，实现了氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的精确投入。四要素变量施肥机各路施肥量控制算法完全满足了垦区玉米施肥精确、均匀施用的要求。     

Performance of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) in response to row spacing under ridge and furrow cropping systems in a semiarid region of China

Ridge and furrow systems as well as the wide-narrow row spacing are recognized as good management practices in crop production. To obtain some available information concerning the suitable agricultural practices for buckwheat cultivation in arid and semi-arid area, a two-year field study was conducted to investigate the performance of common buckwheat grown under six cropping patterns: conventional flat single/double row planting (NS/ND); furrow single/double row planting (FS/FD); ridge single/double row planting (RS/RD); single row planting with equal row spacing and double row planting with wide-narrow row spacing practice. Plants grown under the FD system exhibited higher water use efficiency (WUE) and rainfall use efficiency (RUE) than plants cultivated with the NS system, increases with 13.7% and 21.9%, respectively, in 2014, while 9.8% and 14.0%, respectively, in 2015. Plants of the FD system also displayed the greatest leaf area index and canopy openness at growth stage of 40, 60, and 80 days after sowing, maximum biomass production (13.96 t ha^?1) and grain yield (3486.2 kg ha^?1) in 2014, and the least pronounced soil nitrate consumption as compared to plants from other tillage systems. We conclude that FD is the optimum planting pattern for common buckwheat cultivation in semi-arid and arid environments.     

东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作土壤侵蚀的对比分析

斜坡垄作是东北黑土区最普遍的垄作方式之一，但当前关于斜坡垄作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响鲜见报道。为此，本研究基于室内模拟试验，设计2个降雨强度（50和100 mm/h）以及2种垄作方式（斜坡垄作和顺坡垄作），分析东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明：（1）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%；但在45 min的降雨过程中，由于斜坡垄作发生断垄现象，造成50和100 mm/h两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的1.24和1.03倍。（2）斜坡垄作径流强度和侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化均从断垄开始发生突变。在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，随着降雨历时的变化斜坡垄作断垄前的径流强度和侵蚀速率值均低于顺坡垄作,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的8.42%和3.75%、平均侵蚀速率分别为顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%，但斜坡垄作断垄后坡面径流和侵蚀速率明显增大，其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的1.33和1.47倍、平均侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的2.03和1.62倍。（3）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系（P<0.01），而断垄后两者的相关关系则不显著（P>0.05）；而顺坡垄作在两种降雨强度下坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系。（4）在两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面90%以上的径流泥沙均来自断垄后。因此，提高垄丘稳定性和防止断垄现象发生，是减少斜坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的关键所在。     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

基于FCN的无人机玉米遥感图像垄中心线提取

为解决农业机器人在玉米田行间行走的全局路径规划问题,该研究提出一种基于全卷积神经网络(Fully ConvolutionalNetworks,FCN)的无人机玉米遥感图像垄中心线提取方法。基于无人机获取的高精度可见光遥感图像,设计了针对农田垄中心线提取的数据集标注方法,采用滑动窗口法进行图像分块,利用深度学习语义分割网络FCN对垄中心线附近7～17像素宽度范围的垄线区域进行提取,模型在测试田块上精确率达66.1%～83.4%,召回率达51.1%～73.9%,调和平均值为57.6%～78.4%;对拼接后的图像使用影像分割投影法提取中心线,探究了垄线区域宽度对垄中心线提取精度的影响,训练采用9像素的垄区域宽度,可得到垄中心线在77 mm左右偏差范围准确率为91.2%,在31.5 mm左右偏差范围内为61.5%。结果表明,基于FCN对无人机玉米遥感图像进行处理,可得到整片田地的垄中心线栅格地图,方便农业机器人进行全局路径规划。     

全膜双垄沟起垄覆膜机横向土带堆放机构的设计与试验

为增强全膜双垄沟起垄覆膜机的覆膜、覆土质量,聚集降水,减少水土流失和地表径流,提出偏置轴承式、凸轮顶杆式、地轮拨齿式3种横向土带堆放机构,运用SolidWorks Motion对3种机构进行运动仿真与机构分析,优选出工作时间短、急回特性明显的横向土带堆放机构,并进行田间验证试验。仿真结果表明:在相同仿真参数情况下,地轮拨齿式横向土带堆放机构完成1次抖土压膜工作所需时间仅为0.29 s,抖土板位移为530.45 mm,倾角和张角分别为29.00°、21.39°,最大电动机消耗功率最小。田间验证试验表明:作业后横向土带宽度合格率为96.5%,间距合格率为95.3%,厚度合格率为95.5%。相比较偏置轴承式和凸轮顶杆式,地轮拨齿式机构放土质量均匀,急回效果好,不易粘土,能耗最少,覆土覆膜效果较好,符合全膜双垄沟作业要求,适宜于全膜双垄沟覆膜种床横向土带堆放。     

垄作稻鱼鸡共生对水稻群体生长特性及产量形成的影响

为了探究水稻垄作栽培和稻鱼鸡共生模式的结合对水稻群体生长特性及产量形成的影响，在总结前人垄作栽培、稻鱼和稻鸡共生模式的研究基础上，提出了水稻垄作栽培养鸡养鱼的种养结合技术，通过设计常规水稻垄作栽培(CK)、水稻垄作养鱼(RF)、水稻垄作养鸡(RC)和水稻垄作养鸡养鱼(RFC)的田间对比试验，研究了不同垄作稻鱼鸡共生模式下的水稻群体生长特性和产量形成。结果表明：与CK处理相比，2年中RFC和RC处理的水稻平均产量能够维持稳定，平均有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重虽有差异，但均未达到显著性差异；RF处理水稻产量、有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重平均降幅分别为29.98%、19.70%、484%、3.99%和5.74%，且均达到显著性水平。2年中RFC、RC处理的茎、叶和穗的干物质平均积累量与CK处理整体不存在显著差异，但较RF处理均显著增加。RFC、RC和CK处理水稻茎和叶在齐穗前干物质积累量显著高于RF处理，平均增幅分别为56.23%、50.66%和54.15%，齐穗后干物质积累量的降幅慢于RF处理，并且维持叶面积指数在较高水平，平均增幅为41.38%、38.35%和38.23%。2年中RFC、RC和CK处理较RF处理均具有较高的群体生长速率、净同化率和光合势，其中群体生长速率增幅分别为77.94%、70.29%和7669%，净同化率为40.07%、39.47%和38.87%，光合势为38.39%、35.49%和35.94%，进而为稻穗积累更多的干物质量和产量的形成奠定基础。综上可知，垄作稻鱼鸡共生和垄作稻鸡共生利于水稻的干物质积累及叶面积指数、群体生长速率、净同化率和光合势的提高，进而保证水稻产量稳定。