畜禽产品水足迹研究进展

畜禽产品的生产过程需要消耗大量水资源,对畜禽产品进行水足迹评价能够清楚地认识其对水资源的消耗情况。目前,人们对畜禽产品的需求日益增长,水资源消耗也在持续升高,因此研究如何缓解畜禽产品生产带来的水资源压力,已成为人们必须要面对的问题。评价畜禽产品的用水量和对不同生产阶段的用水分析,将有助于生产者和消费者确定用水量最大的过程,并针对性地实施提高用水效率的战略。本文介绍了国内外畜禽产品水足迹研究现状,对比分析了不同畜禽产品水足迹评价方法,展望了畜禽产品水足迹的发展,最终提出以下降低畜禽产品水足迹的主要措施:1)减少饲料生产的水足迹;2)提高饲料转化率;3)水资源管理和提高畜禽动物生产性能;4)改变人们的消费习惯。     

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

我国果菜茶中畜禽粪便有机肥替代化肥潜力

为探究我国畜禽有机肥对果菜茶理论养分需求量的满足水平,评估果菜茶三大作物有机替代与化肥减量潜力,本研究借助统计资料,定量分析我国畜禽粪便养分资源供应量和果菜茶理论养分需求量,在此基础上进行全国性及区域性替代可行性分析。统计分析表明:2015年,我国果菜茶化肥氮磷(纯养分)施用总量为1.84×107t·a-1,是理论需求量的两倍左右,化肥过量施用十分严重;2015年,我国畜禽粪便产生的氮、磷(以P2O5计,下同)分别为7.98×106、6.42×106t·a-1,若全部用于果菜茶,可替代78%的化肥,减少2.88×106～5.18×106t氮、磷肥损失;90%的省(市、自治区)产生的畜禽粪便可满足区域内化肥减量20%的目标,71%的省(市、自治区)畜禽粪便可满足区域内替代50%化肥;各地区畜禽有机肥替代化肥量空间差异较大,除长三角、珠三角经济发达地区(上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、陕西)以外,其余省份(市、自治区)畜禽有机肥可100%替代区域内果菜茶化肥,并且,东北、西北地区的畜禽粪便在满足区域内果菜茶养分需求的基础上仍有较多盈余,可施用于粮食或者经济作物,或者转化为优质商品有机肥补给长三角、珠三角地区。我国果菜茶三大作物通过畜禽有机肥替代化肥,70%省份可实现化肥减量目标,减少氮磷化肥面源污染。研究结果可为我国果菜茶中畜禽粪便有机肥替代化肥施用提供一定理论指导,为实现果菜茶化肥减量的目标提供决策支持。     

设施畜牧业关键技术研究态势分析

[目的/意义]目前中国畜牧业正处于加快转型的重要时期,了解相关技术的发展态势对于畜牧业的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。[方法/过程]本文以设施畜牧业领域技术研发的3个主要方向：笼舍技术、饲喂饮水技术和环境控制技术的相关专利为研究对象,利用专利计量的方法对其发展趋势、技术分支、申请人、各阶段重点专利等进行了分析。[结果/结论]笼舍、饲喂饮水和环境控制技术发展同步经历了萌芽期、波动发展期、快速发展期3个阶段,当前申请量呈现直线上升的态势;技术研发主体以企业为主,各研发单位之间技术布局差异性明显;近些年重点专利中的国内专利明显增多;笼舍技术方面装置研发均侧重于粪尿清除、垫板等技术;饲喂饮水技术方面饲喂技术的研究多于饮水技术,且均侧重于研发自动化设备;环境控制技术侧重于废弃物处理技术、空气调节技术和房舍清洁刷洗技术。     

分子标记技术在家畜育种中的应用

为了将分子标记技术更好的应用到家畜育种工作中,本研究详细总结了分子标记技术在家畜遗传多样性分析、亲缘关系分析、遗传图谱构建、基因定位、杂种优势预测、性别鉴定和抗病育种等诸多方面的应用研究。最后提出应将表型性状、系谱和分子标记三者结合应用于家畜遗传育种等方面的工作。     

禽流感疫情变动对畜禽产品价格的动态影响研究——基于时变参数向量自回归(TVP-VAR)模型

本文通过借助互联网大数据构建公众禽流感关注度指数作为禽流感疫情变动的代理变量,选取2013年1月—2017年3月畜禽产品周度价格数据,运用时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR)实证分析了禽流感疫情变动对畜禽产品价格波动的动态影响。结果表明,禽流感疫情的变化会造成畜禽产品价格波动,其中,对鸡肉价格影响最大,其次为猪肉价格,牛羊肉价格受到的影响相对较小;禽流感疫情的变动对鸡肉和牛羊肉价格以负向影响为主,而对猪肉价格的影响存在反转效应,即短期存在负向影响,中长期存在正向影响;不同时期、不同时点上禽流感疫情的变动对畜禽产品价格造成的影响不同,且具有明显的时变性。     

西藏天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策对农牧民家庭收入的影响

西藏高寒草地生态保护不仅关系当地人民生活水平的提升,而且关乎我国东部地区的生态和经济安全,是我国重要的生态安全屏障之一。为遏止高寒草地退化,恢复已退化草地的生态功能,保护未退化高寒草地资源,在2011年国家启动天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策(以下简称"草奖"政策)。2014年我们深入西藏3类地区(纯牧区、半农半牧区、纯农区)的农、牧家庭进行问卷调查,从家庭牧业生产、家庭收入与构成及农牧户间收入差距3方面剖析了政策实施3年(2011-2013年)的社会经济影响。研究发现,1)草原生态保护补助奖励机制的政策福利存在地域间的不均衡性,纯牧区家庭享有更多经济福利;2)"草奖"政策改变了牧区家庭的收入结构,转移性收入超过家庭经营性收入,成为牧民家庭的重要收入来源;3)"草奖"政策有利于缩小牧区和农区贫富差距,但对于半农半牧区效果不明显。因此,政策措施需要进行适时适度地调整,从补偿标准、方式、力度等方面进行优化,体现高寒草地生态功能的地域性差异,使其符合各地域农牧家庭的实际生产,促使西藏高原草地畜牧业的可持续发展。     

Potential for mitigating atmospheric ammonia in Canada

Most ammonia (NH₃) emissions (85%) in Canada come from agricultural sources (400 kt/yr). There are international conventions that require countries to mitigate NH₃ emissions but there are no federal or provincial guidelines in Canada stipulating emission targets or best practices for agriculture. This study examines the potential for mitigating atmospheric NH₃ using a range of approaches. Taking current farm practices into account, employing proven low‐cost measures (low‐emission slurry application and slurry storage covers) would reduce annual emissions from livestock operations by 16 kt NH₃‐N, while using all available low‐cost measures would reduce emissions by 79 kt NH₃‐N or 26% of livestock emissions. Another 36 kt/yr could be avoided by improving fertilizer practices, so that the total potential reduction would be about 29% of all agricultural emissions. Emissions from beef cattle and pig production could be reduced by 18% if consumption was cut by 50%, with greater mitigation if production for export was reduced, although the economic and social consequences need to be considered. Mitigation practices must be viewed in the context of possible pollution swapping especially in surplus nitrogen situations. Emissions must also be considered in terms of atmospheric NH₃ transport to and from the USA, therefore bi‐national agreements to jointly reduce emissions might be needed. It may be more cost‐effective in Canada to strategically reduce emissions to minimize risks to health (from particulate matter) and the environment rather than to reduce annual national emission targets.     

植物病原镰刀菌产生的毒素种类及其危害

镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)是多种重要农作物的病原体，不仅可造成农作物产量和品质的严重损失还可在离体培养条件下或植物寄主体内产生一系列被称为镰刀菌毒素的次生代谢产物。这些毒素一方面作为致病因子与镰刀菌对宿主植物的致病力密切相关，另一方面可导致家畜生产性能下降和相关病症的出现，进而影响农业生态系统并对人类健康造成威胁。鉴于镰刀菌毒素对农作物生产的影响及其对家畜和人类的毒性作用，目前已有较多关于镰刀菌侵染粮食作物后产生毒素种类的研究，但关于镰刀菌侵染豆科牧草后产生的毒素种类以及毒素在镰刀菌对豆科牧草致病力方面作用的研究则较少。本文对引起主要粮食和饲料作物病害的常见镰刀菌物种产生的主要毒素，以及这些毒素对植物、家畜和人类的危害进行了综述，并对豆科牧草中镰刀菌毒素的研究前景及意义进行了展望。     

对内蒙古积极发展绿色农畜产品生产加工输出基地的思考

农畜产业作为内蒙古地区的优势产业，对区内经济发展起着关键的作用。为此，本文分析内 蒙古积极发展农畜产品生产加工基地的优势，结合发展的现状，提出积极发展农畜产品生产加工输出 基地的对策，为产业稳定发展提供理论参考和借鉴。