农户生计资本研究现状及展望

自20世纪90年代以来,贫困人口的生计问题备受国内外学者关注;研究农户生计资本结构对解决和缓解贫困问题,帮助农户抵御各类风险具有重要的作用和意义。通过回顾并梳理国内外有关农户生计资本的研究重点及领域,总结了各研究阶段常用的方法,对研究方向进行了展望。     

基于多项Logit模型的牧户生计资本对生计策略选择影响的实证研究

为探究牧户生计资本对生计策略影响,识别牧户生计策略转化的关键生计资本和生计资本指标,以便引导牧民调整生计结构,提高草原治理能力。以内蒙古自治区5种草原类型15个旗（县）848户牧户为样本,运用熵值法评估牧户生计资本,建立多项Logit回归模型,识别影响牧户生计策略转化的关键生计资本。研究区牧户生计资本值为1.428;4类生计策略牧户生计资本存量为纯牧性>牧兼性>兼牧性>非牧性,P< 0.01;5种草原类型牧户生计资本存量为草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原>沙地草原>草原化荒漠,P<0.01。牧户以牧业收入和政府转移收入为主,纯牧性生计策略为首选的策略;金融资本存量是影响生计策略转化的关键生计资本,对牧户由纯牧性向牧兼性、兼牧性和非牧性生计策略转化均具有显著负向影响。牧户家庭承包草地资源、使用草地资源和家庭总收入是影响生计策略转化的关键生计资本指标。     

农地转出行为是否会改变农民家庭的生计策略——基于CFPS微观数据的DID模型估计

在合理筛选控制变量和对农户生计策略类型进行细分的基础上,基于CFPS两期全国整合样本的面板数据,运用倍差法及倾向得分匹配倍差法,实证检验农地转出对农户生计策略产生的影响。结果表明:农地转出对农户采取农业型和农兼型生计策略产生了显著负向作用,对非农型生计策略的选择具有正向推动作用,而对兼农型生计策略的影响效应有限,没有通过显著性检验,说明农户可以通过调整自家的生计策略适应农地转出所引起的变化。另外,通过多种匹配方法对估计结果进行检验,证实估计结果具有稳定性和可靠性。建议今后在尊重农民意愿的基础上,加大对农地流转政策的支持力度。依据不同类型家庭的实际需求,为农户制定适宜自身发展的差异化鼓励政策,带动发展具有当地特色且真正属于农民自己的非农“产业”,实现农地转出户生计的可持续发展。     

PPP模式下公共图书馆提供公共文化服务新探析 ——"图书馆+纪录片院线"

[目的/意义]文章以中国PPP模式下公共图书馆提供公共文化服务为研究对象,提出“图书馆+纪录片院线”的构想,该项目不仅可以丰富公共图书馆提供公共文化服务的形式,还能促进纪录片产业的良性发展。[方法/过程]简要概述了公共图书馆与社会资本合作的现状,指出了发展过程中所存在的一些问题,并对“图书馆+纪录片院线”项目的意义和可行性进行了分析。[结果/结论]提出努力开拓市场、提高宣传效力,树立正确观念、合理合法收费,选择合适伙伴,发挥公共图书馆优势、提供特色服务,联合多方力量、克服潜在阻力等对策。     

资本禀赋、技术认知与农户耕地低碳利用意愿

耕地低碳利用对于减少农业温室气体排放,促进农业持续健康发展具有积极意义。建立资本禀赋、技术认知的理论分析模型和研究假说,利用湖北省347户农户的调研数据,在测度农户资本禀赋、耕地低碳利用技术认知的基础上,采用Logit模型、中介效应模型、调节效应检验方法,就资本禀赋、技术认知与农户耕地低碳利用意愿的关系进行实证研究。结果发现,资本禀赋不仅对农户耕地低碳利用意愿在1%水平上有显著的直接正向影响,还会通过技术认知这一中介变量在1%水平上产生显著的间接正向影响,环境素养在农户自我效能认知和耕地低碳利用意愿间发挥正向调节作用。据此,建议从经济资本、社会资本、文化资本3个角度提升农户的资本禀赋,通过多种渠道提升农户对耕地低碳利用的认知水平,提高农户环境素养。     

舒城县干汊河镇农村集体“三资”管理现状与建议

阐述了舒城县干汊河镇农村集体"三资"管理取得的成效,指出了管理过程中存在的问题,并提出了加强农村集体"三资"管理的建议。     

Assessment of the socio-economic impacts associated with the arrival of apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Mwea irrigation scheme,Kenya

Background

In Kenya, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small-scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80–88% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.

Results

Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (>20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision-making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area-wide apple snail management.

Conclusion

Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi-Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

藏北草原牧民可持续生计分析—以班戈县为例

运用实地调查的方法,对藏北草原牧业户和兼业户进行比较分析和回归分析,以期提高人们对藏北草原牧民生计状况的认识,并对藏北草原牧民生活水平提升和收入增长提供一定的参考依据。结果表明:班戈县牧业户呈现"低质化"特征;兼业户的资本禀赋要好于牧业户;拥有较多自然资本和经济资本的牧户习惯于以单纯依靠牧业收入作为其生计策略;拥有较多人力资本、物质资本和社会资本的牧户更愿意选择多种经营方式来获取更多收入;物质资本对牧户生计策略的影响最为显著,社会资本显著程度不高,而人力资本存量偏低。总体来说,牧民生计在提升藏北草原牧民生活水平和促进牧民收入提高过程中显得更加急迫和重要。     

Rural livelihood benefits from participation in the taungya agroforestry system in Ondo State of Nigeria

This study examines the strategies and benefits of the taungya farming system to both the government and the rural economy in Nigeria. An interview survey was conducted in which data were collected from 115 randomly selected farmers in five villages in the Oluwa forest reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria. The study examines the extent of participation of rural dwellers in plantation development through taungya farming and the degree of success of this system as an afforestation method. The farmers were predominantly illiterate, within the age bracket of 35–54 years and with small farm holdings. Twenty nine percent relied totally on food from the forest reserve for their livelihood, while 71% also had farm holdings in free areas. Land within the reserve is allocated to farmers free of charge but compensation is paid to landlords on land from free areas. A statistically significant difference was detected in income from the two sources of farmland for the households and but not in the size of land allocated under taungya and free areas. About 184 farmers are involved in taungya annually, and 410 ha of Tectonia grandis has been established for the government of Ondo State.