Metal leaching and toxicity of denitrifying woodchip bioreactor outflow—Potential reuse application

The denitrifying woodchip bioreactor is designed to remediate nitrate-rich water, including those produced from aquaculture effluents. Reuse of treated bioreactor outflows in recirculating aquaculture would offer considerable water savings and valuable alkalinity recuperation. However, such bioreactors may leach detrimental wood-bound contaminants, preventing outflow reuse. To determine water reuse potential, woodchip media from two hardwood species (white ash, Fraxinus americana; Norway maple, Acer platanoides) were evaluated for 206 d under a range of operating conditions (start-up, steady-state, reducing conditions, and drying-rewetting cycles) for a spectrum of potentially harmful dissolved contaminants. Aerated outflows also were evaluated for acute and chronic toxicity to the biologically sensitive invertebrate Ceriodaphnia dubia. Dissolved metal leaching subsided within the first few weeks of operation, though initial concentrations of copper and zinc were detected at concentrations of concern. Elevated concentrations of tannins-lignin and total ammonia nitrogen were detected throughout the study and were influenced by operational phase. Acute toxicity was not generally detected, though chronic toxicity was observed during drying-rewetting cycles in the maple outflows. The measured toxicity was not correlated with water chemistry, indicating an additive effect of several toxicants. Overall, significant differences in outflow water quality between ash and maple wood species were negligible. Results indicated that bioreactor outflows may be applicable for aquacultural reuse, though reusing outflows immediately following start-up or restarting after a dry period would not be recommended.     

以“猪疫情”与“猪周期”叠加致肉价波动为契机建立新时代立体生态养殖产业链

该文从2019年中国生猪和猪肉产品价格大幅波动而带动CPI快速上调的“高通胀风险”及与工业生产PPI下降的“高通缩风险”关联性,探讨了推动猪肉价格快速上涨的机制。难控性“猪疫情”、规律性“猪周期”、投机性“猪炒作”及泛化性“外贸战”是促进肉产品价格快速上涨的“启动”、“叠加”、“内讧”及“外推”四大机制,并建议以此为机遇,充分利用新时代人们消费理念的绝对绿色健康性和恩施山区区域的相对独立分散性,克服浮躁性无序养殖心态,建立不受“猪周期”影响和少受“猪疫情”影响的“种-养-销”绿色立体生态产业链,使其与“猪炒作”脱代际,与“外贸战”失偶联,逐步形成新时代理性养殖和健康养殖与理性消费和健康消费的良性循环。     

冻融循环下红色砒砂岩水泥土力学性能试验研究

为实现砒砂岩作为一种自然资源的潜在利用价值,提高砒砂岩有效利用,将鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗的红色砒砂岩加入不同掺量水泥制成砒砂岩水泥土,进行不同围压、不同冻融循环次数条件下的不固结不排水三轴试验,得到了砒砂岩水泥土的各力学参数的变化规律,并通过超景深三维显微镜对砒砂岩水泥土的细观结构进行观测.结果表明:砒砂岩水泥土的应力-应变曲线呈应变软化趋势,随水泥掺量的增加其黏聚力和内摩擦角呈线性增长的趋势.砒砂岩水泥土的内摩擦角受冻融循环影响较小,而黏聚力受冻融循环影响较大.水泥掺量越多,砒砂岩水泥土的抗冻性越好,但其脆性特征越明显.对细观结构的观测进一步验证了冻融使得低掺量水泥的固化土细观结构发生较大改变,导致内部空隙增大,而水泥土随水泥掺量的增加其内部结构更加致密,从而提高了水泥土的抗冻性.     

Evaluation on the fitness and population projection of Nilaparvata lugens in response to elevated CO2 using two-sex life table

Abstract

The life history and fitness of Nilaparvata lugens being reared under ambient level (current CO₂ concentration), medially elevated (550?µL/L) and highly elevated (750?µL/L) CO₂ concentration for long-term generation were compared using two-sex life table instead of traditional age-specific life table. The results showed that significantly longer larval duration and lower fecundity of N. lugens were observed in 750?µL/L relative to 550?µL/L treatment (P?<?0.05). Accordingly, 550?µL/L CO₂ significantly enhanced population parameters of N. lugens, including significantly higher intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ) and net reproductive rate (R_O), but not for 750?µL/L CO₂. Taken together, N. lugens performs enhanced development rate, fecundity and survival in individual life history and higher potential in population multiplication under 550?µL/L CO₂ level, while only indicates the less enhanced development rate and survival without significant increased capacity of population expansion under 750?µL/L CO₂ level. These results should facilitate predicting the fitness and potential population damage of N. lugens, which is valuable for the integrated control of N. lugens in the future increasing CO₂ concentration.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原固碳量及固碳潜力估算

为了评价不同放牧强度对草原固碳量及固碳潜力的影响，本研究采用系统动力学建模方法耦合CASA光合利用率模型、Shiyomi放牧模型、Raich土壤呼吸模型等模型，建立了基于系统动力学库-流思路的碳循环模型，该模型包含3个子系统、4个碳库。结果表明：1998至2015年，在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的温度降低、降水量增加的背景下，净初级生产力呈现升高的趋势，典型草原土壤固碳量呈现下降趋势；放牧强度在3羊·公顷^-1下净生态系统初级生产力最低，固碳潜力最大，分别为-16.2 gC·m^-2和24.84 TgC。因此，建议内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原西部（阿巴嘎旗、那仁宝力格站）的放牧强度不宜超过1.5羊·公顷^-1；东部（多伦县、东乌珠穆沁、西乌珠穆沁、锡林浩特站）不宜超过4.5羊·公顷^-1。     

土地利用方式变化对水循环过程响应机制研究

以挠力河流域为研究区,利用1990年和2013年土地利用类型,结合基于格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)的TOPMODEL模型定量评价了土地利用方式变化对水循环时空变化过程的影响。结果表明:基于LBM法的TOPMODEL模型可以很好模拟挠力河流域降雨径流水循环过程,对研究区具有较高的适用性;研究区林地、草地和建设用地面积变化不大,对于土地结构变化贡献比较小,而未利用地和旱田部分转为水田对土地结构变化贡献大;由于种植水田,导致5月到10月间的流域总蒸散发量增加、根系区缺水量减少、非饱和带缺水量减少、地表水量减少、地下水量增加;蒸散发增幅达8.9%,根系区缺水量降幅达10.5%,地表水量减少达43%;水田对水文情势影响的差异主要体现在水稻生育期的差异上,分蘖期对蒸散发量、根系区缺水量和非饱和带缺水量影响较大;水田灌溉对水循环过程的影响按变化幅度从大到小的顺序为非饱和带缺水量、根系缺水量、蒸散发量、入根系区水量、出根系区水量和地下径流量,其中入根系区水量差值和出根系区水量差值接近。     

长沙地区低温粮仓双层通风屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度分析

粮仓围护结构保温隔热性能对储粮安全和粮仓能耗有重要影响。粮仓屋顶面积大,是粮仓围护结构接受太阳辐射最强的部位,外界热量主要通过屋顶传入粮仓,因此屋顶是粮仓围护结构保温隔热设计的最重要部位。双层通风屋顶、高反射率的屋面隔热涂料和保温隔热材料等节能技术近年来在粮仓屋顶设计中得到迅速发展和应用。考虑屋顶不同外表面太阳辐射反射率和自然通风对双层通风屋顶传热的影响,该文给出并试验验证了多层屋顶非稳态传热模型和双层通风屋顶传热模型,利用经过验证的屋顶传热模型进行屋顶能耗计算,采用经济性模型和全生命周期理论对长沙地区低温粮仓普通屋顶和双层通风屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度进行分析,并对采用最佳保温隔热层厚度时的生命周期总投资、净收益及回收周期进行计算和比较分析。研究结果表明:屋顶外表面太阳辐射反射率对长沙地区低温粮仓屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度和经济性有较大影响,双层通风屋顶可以减小屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度,长沙地区低温粮仓可采用双层通风屋顶和高反射率的屋面隔热涂料降低粮仓能耗,减少因能源消耗而引起的环境污染问题。长沙地区低温粮仓普通屋顶挤塑聚苯乙烯和膨胀聚苯乙烯最佳保温隔热层厚度为0.106~0.183 m,生命周期内最大净现值为417~633.38元/m2,投资回收年限为2.39~2.96 a。低温粮仓屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度随屋顶外表面太阳辐射反射率的增大而减小,双层通风屋顶可以减少屋顶保温隔热层投资回收年限。该屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度确定方法对于指导低温粮仓屋顶保温隔热设计具有一定指导意义。     

不同温度下褐带卷蛾茧蜂实验种群生命表

为了探索温度对褐带卷蛾茧蜂Bracon adoxophyesi发育和繁殖的影响,研究了该蜂在6种温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明,褐带卷蛾茧蜂各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,在36℃下产卵前期略高于32℃下的产卵前期,说明温度过高或者过低均不利于卵巢发育。随温度降低,其世代历期显著延长,说明低温会显著抑制该蜂发育。各虫态的发育速率与温度的关系符合Logistic模型。该寄生蜂产卵前期的发育起点温度高于其他阶段的发育起点温度。在24℃下单雌产卵量最高,为619.86粒,16℃和36℃下的产卵量最低,分别为139.60粒和154.43粒。在24、28和32℃时,其种群趋势指数分别为101.78、74.25和73.41,在36℃和16℃时,其种群趋势指数较低,说明温度过高或者过低均不利于其种群繁殖,且低温的影响大于高温。在24~32℃下,褐带卷蛾茧蜂的种群趋势指数较高,说明24~32℃是适宜该寄生蜂种群增长的温度范围。     

Influence of organic amendments on dissipation kinetics of two different pesticides in soil: a case study

A study was undertaken to investigate the remedial effect of some soil amendments (farmyard manure (FYM), press mud compost (PMC), cereal straw (CS) at 5 t ha^?1 and fresh cow dung slurry (FCD) @ 0.5 t ha^?1) on dissipation kinetics of imidacloprid and sulfosulfuron under laboratory conditions. Incorporation of CS or FCD was found to be most effective in degrading both the pesticides at faster rates. Dissipation of both the pesticides could be well accounted by two component (1 + 1) first order kinetics. The computed values of parameters revealed that use of organic amendments increased the dissipated fraction of imidacloprid and sulfosulfuron. Incorporation of CS or FCD in soil maintained relatively higher dissipation rate constants for both faster and slower dissipation processes of pesticides in comparison to control. Hence, eco-friendly practices of CS or FCD incorporation as soil amendment in soil can play a vital role in preventing soil and water pollution.