紫云英施用量对土壤活性有机碳和碳转化酶活性的影响

利用紫云英还田的定位试验研究不同紫云英施用量下土壤活性有机碳含量和碳转化酶活性的变化。试验包括对照、施用化肥和4个紫云英施用量(30、60、90和120 t·hm~(-2))处理。结果表明:与对照相比,施用化肥和紫云英均能够显著增加土壤活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳、热水提取态有机碳、微生物生物量碳和颗粒有机碳)含量,并且随着紫云英施用量的增加土壤活性有机碳含量显著增加。土壤碳转化酶活性的变化规律与土壤活性有机碳相同,其中施用化肥和紫云英较对照处理分别提高14%和24%~55%的纤维素酶活性、27%和45%~187%的蔗糖酶活性、42%和51%~165%的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、11%和11%~24%的酚氧化酶活性以及16%和16%~27%的过氧化物酶活性。与对照相比,施用化肥对相对酶活性(酶活性与微生物生物量碳的比值)无显著影响;增加紫云英施用量能够显著增加相对蔗糖酶和相对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,降低相对酚氧化酶活性和相对过氧化物酶活性。逐步回归分析表明土壤活性有机碳组分含量主要受纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和酚氧化酶活性的影响。     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.     

不同生态恢复措施对紫色土活性有机碳的影响

研究不同生态恢复措施—"参考林分"(C0)、"林果草+水平沟"(C1)、"乔灌草+竹节沟"(C2)、"油茶+等高草带"(C3)和"未治理地"(CK)对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:生态恢复后,其中C1和C2措施总有机碳含量分别比未治理地CK增加了51.87%和52.90%(P0.05),达到C0措施的48.42%和48.75%。然而,C3措施未显著影响总有机碳含量,仅为C0措施的29.32%。C1和C2措施的微生物量碳、冷水和热水浸提的可溶性有机碳含量均显著提高,分别比CK措施增加了49.91%~78.77%、43.15%~91.11%和28.17%~108.36%,达到C0措施的67.01%~89.47%、35.65%~57.95%和32.88%~39.21%,而C3措施的微生物量碳和冷水浸提的可溶性有机碳略为减少,而热水浸提的可溶性有机碳增加了29.87%。土壤总有机碳与各活性碳之间以及各活性碳之间相关性均达到极显著水平。微生物量碳、冷水和热水浸提的可溶性有机碳占总有机碳的比例分别介于1.91%~4.73%、0.76%~2.49%和4.11%~8.16%之间。     

Composition of organic C fractions in soils of different texture affected by sugarcane monoculture

ABSTRACT

Sugarcane is a strategic commodity in Indonesia. It is usually raised in a monoculture system. There is a lack of information about the effects of extended sugarcane monoculture on the soil carbon fraction. The aim of this study was to determine the relative changes in the soil organic C fractions in response to the duration of sugarcane monoculture on Entisols, Inceptisols, and Vertisols. The measured variables were the percentages of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), pH (H₂O), cation exchange capacity (CEC), NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^-, labile carbon fraction (soil carbon mineralization (C-Min), soil microbial carbon (C-Mic), and carbon particulate organic matter (C-POM)), and stable carbon fraction (humic and fulvic acids). Soil type with sugarcane monoculture period had significant influences on the percentages of clay, sand, silt, CEC, and pH (H₂O). Soil type and sugarcane monoculture period had no apparent significant effect on C-Min or C-POM but did significantly influence C-Mic. The humic and fulvic acid levels in all three soil types were affected by the duration of sugarcane monoculture. To establish the impact of long-term sugarcane monoculture on the physicochemical properties of soils with various textures, it is more appropriate to measure the soil stable carbon fractions such as humic and fulvic acid rather than the soil labile carbon fractions such as C-Min, C-POM, or C-Mic.     

Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils

Hedley labile phosphorus(P)pools in soil tend to be several times larger than annual forest requirements,even in highly weathered soils characterized by P limitation.The discrepancy between plant and soil P status could be partly attributable to the frequently adopted air-drying pretreatment that tends to increase soil P solubility.In this study,the effects of air-drying on the distribution of Hedley P fractions were examined using soils collected under 4 forest types at Gongga Mountain,southwestern China.The results showed that the microbial biomass P(Pmic)in the organic horizon decreased markedly after air-drying.The concentrations of Hedley labile P in the air-dried samples were 31%–73%more than those in the field-moist samples.Consequently,the air-drying-induced increments of Hedley labile P pools in the surface soil horizons were 0.8–3.8 times the annual plant P requirements.The organic horizon was more susceptible to the air-drying-induced increases in Hedley labile P than the mineral horizon,probably because of the stronger release of Pmicand disruption of soil organic matter.The quality of P,indexed by the ratio of Hedley labile P to slowly cycling P,shifted in favor of the Hedley labile fractions after air-drying,further revealing that air-drying changed the distribution of Hedley P pools in forest soils.These indicated that the effects of air-drying could not be ignored when interpreting the discrepancy between the P status of plants and the Hedley labile P pools in forest soils.To more efficiently evaluate the P status in forest soils via the Hedley fractionation procedure,the use of field-moist soils is recommended.     

Soil organic carbon fractions and humic substances are affected by land uses of Caatinga forest in Brazil

Caatinga is a Brazilian dry ecosystem that occupies around 1 million km² and is one of the largest tropical dry forests of the world. About 46% of the area that was originally covered has been deforested. Land use can cause pronounced reduction in soil carbon stocks that play a major role in the global carbon cycle. The objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the effect of land use on oxidizable carbon fractions, total carbon stocks and humic substances in different layers of soil in a Brazilian semi-arid region. We analyzed soils from tropical dry forest (TDF), forest succession with Anadenanthera falcata (ANA), with Tabebuia alba (TAB), secondary scrubby regeneration (SCR), and non-irrigated maize (MS). Forests showed larger fractions of more labile carbon, except for TDF. The most recalcitrant fraction of carbon stock, humin fraction stock, with the different land use decreased by 38–53% compared to TDF. Oxidizable carbon fractions, carbon stocks, and humic fraction stocks were able to differentiate the successional land uses and agricultural cover from TDF, mainly in the 0–5?cm layer. Our results show that changes in land use, especially with ANA forest succession, showed a larger labile carbon fraction, indicating easy decomposition and loss. Our results provide an alternative tool for the management of deforested areas in tropical dry caatinga ecosystems. This would contribute to the conservation of dry forest systems and could serve as guideline for sustainable management of agriculturally impacted caatinga areas.     

黄土高原子午岭油松林管理方式对黑碳和颗粒有机碳积累的影响

对黄土高原子午岭油松林不同管理方式下土壤的黑碳(BC)、有机碳(POC)和活性有机碳(LOC)的空间分布和积累进行了研究.结果表明,各种管理方式的油松林其POC、LOC和BC由表层至下层均呈显著的降低规律性.各种管理方式油松林0～10cm土层以BC>POC>LOC,10～20 cm土层中,天然油松林和粗放管理型油松林B...     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土不同土层活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

【目的】研究基于长期定位试验,探索长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土不同土层活性有机质（labile organic matter (LOM)）和碳库管理指数（carbon pool management index,CPMI）变化特征,为红壤性水稻土碳库的合理管理提供依据。【方法】选取进贤红壤长期定位试验站4个典型施肥处理：（1）不施肥（CK）;（2）单施化肥（NPK）;（3）在NPK的基础上早稻施绿肥,晚稻施猪粪和稻草冬季还田（NPKSM）;（4）在NPK的基础上早稻施绿肥,稻草冬季还田（NPKS）,测定并分析0—10、10—20、20—40及40—60 cm土层土壤高活性有机质（HLOM）、中活性有机质（MLOM）、低活性有机质（LLOM）、非活性有机质（NLOM）含量以及CPMI变化特征。【结果】不同处理土壤有机质（SOM）含量均随土层加深而降低,施肥处理相对CK均明显提高了不同土层的SOM;在0—20 cm土层,SOM含量表现为NPKSM>NPKS>NPK>CK,且均以NPKSM处理最高,达到43.47 g·kg ^-1（10—20 cm）和45.09 g·kg ^-1（0—10 cm）;在20—60 cm土层,NPKSM和NPKS处理相较于CK显著提高了土壤有机质含量,但两者之间差异不显著。除NPK处理外,各处理土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量随土层的加深显著降低。NPKSM和NPKS处理相较于NPK和CK,显著提高了耕层（0—20 cm）土壤DOC的含量,其中NPKSM处理最高,为35.93 mg·kg ^-1。施肥处理比CK处理提高了土壤HLOM、MLOM、LLOM含量,相同处理相同土层表现为LLOM>MLOM>HLOM,其中NPKSM和NPKS显著提高了各LOM组分含量,且随土层的加深无明显犁底层效应,这可能与活性有机质随水分下渗相关。其中,各施肥处理土壤HLOM、MLOM均随土层加深呈先升高后下降趋势,NPKSM和NPKS处理HLOM含量在20—40 cm土层中达到最高,分别为5.31和5.49 g·kg ^-1;各处理MLOM均在10—20 cm土层中达到最高,以NPKSM处理含量最高,为10.62 g·kg ^-1;而土壤LLOM含量随土层的加深而逐渐降低,在0—20 cm土层中以NPKSM处理含量最高,达到18.52 g·kg ^-1（0—10 cm）和15.93 g·kg ^-1（10—20 cm）。不同长期施肥处理提高了土壤各LOM组分的比例及碳库管理指数,在0—10 cm表层土中,NPKS和NPKSM处理相较于CK,总活性有机质比例分别提高了27.9%和29.48%,MLOM占比分别提高了7.21%和7.72%,HLOM占比分别提高了5.10%和4.96%。以不施肥处理为参照,各施肥处理碳库管理指数均大于100,且以NPKSM和NPKS处理提高效果最好,有助于提高红壤性水稻土肥力。相较于CK,单施化肥一定程度上提高了表层土壤有机质、活性有机质、可溶性有机碳及碳库管理指数。耕层（0—20 cm）土壤中3种活性有机质两两之间呈极显著正相关关系（P≤0.01）,且与总有机质、全氮、可溶性有机碳及水稻产量均呈现显著正相关（P≤0.05）。【结论】不同施肥处理土壤有机质和低活性有机质均随土层加深而降低。NPKSM处理提高土壤有机质及活性有机质含量的效果最佳,并能显著提高0—20 cm土层土壤高活性有机质和碳库管理指数,NPKS次之;而在20—60 cm土层中,NPKS处理对提高中活性有机质和碳库管理指数效果最明显。     

Response of labile organic C and N pools to plastic film removal from semiarid farmland soil

To examine the effects of plastic film removal on grain yield and soil organic matter (SOM), a spring maize (Zea may L.) field experiment was conducted for 5 yr at Changwu Agricultural and Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest China. Compared with traditional plastic film mulching during entire growing stages (FM), plastic film removal at the silking stage (RM) resulted in a 6.3% higher average maize yield. Under the RM treatment, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased after the 5‐yr cultivation in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. Significant increases in extractable organic C (EOC), KMnO₄‐oxidizable C (KMnO₄‐C) and C management index (CMI) in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer, and light fraction organic C and EOC in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer were observed in response to plastic film removal after the 1‐yr treatment; the responses were more significant after 5 yr. Under the RM treatment, significant increases in microbial biomass C, light fraction organic N, extractable organic N, KMnO₄‐C and CMI were also observed after five years in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer. Moreover, KMnO₄‐C and EOC were much more sensitive than other labile SOM fractions to the application of RM, even after only 1 yr of cultivation. Therefore, compared with mulching for the whole growing season, plastic film removal at the maize silking stage is an effective option for increasing yields and enhancing SOM concentration and soil sustainability in the regions with semiarid monsoon climates that have sufficient rainfall during maize reproductive stages.