自适应最大相关峭度反褶积方法诊断齿轮轴承复合故障

为了解决传统最大相关峭度反褶积(maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution,MCKD)在故障诊断中容易出现因参数选择不当而影响诊断效果的问题,该文提出了一种基于量子遗传算法(quantum genetic algorithm,QGA)的自适应最大相关峭度反褶积方法(maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution with quantum genetic algorithm,QMCKD)用于齿轮和轴承复合故障诊断。通过量子遗传算法自适应选择最大相关峭度反褶积的2个关键参数滤波器长度(L)和反褶积周期(T)。使用QMCKD处理原始振动信号,提取复合故障信号中的所有单个故障信号,分别对单个故障信号进行频谱分析从而识别故障特征。在对齿面磨损-滚动轴承外圈损伤复合故障诊断中,QMCKD能够识别齿轮故障频率及其2～4倍频,识别轴承故障频率及其2～6倍频,且主要频率成分周围干扰谱线很少,故障类型容易识别。与直接频谱分析和变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)相比,该方法在诊断效果上具有优越性。在对齿根裂纹-轴承滚动体损伤复合故障诊断中,QMCKD能够突出齿轮故障频率及其2～5倍频,突出轴承故障频率及其2～8倍频,齿轮和轴承故障特征明显,验证了方法的稳定性。试验结果表明QMCKD能够有效识别复合故障中齿轮和轴承的故障特征,可用于齿轮箱的齿轮、轴承复合故障诊断。     

Effect of soil pore size distribution on plant-available water and least limiting water range as soil physical quality indicators

Soil pore size distribution(SPSD) is one of the most important soil physical properties. This research investigated the relationships of location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves with plant-available water(PAW) and least limiting water range(LLWR) of the light-textured soils at the Torogh Agricultural Research Station in north-eastern Iran. Soil moisture release curve(SMRC), PAW and LLWR in matric heads of 100 and 330 h Pa for the field capacity and location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves of 30 soils with different texture and organic carbon contents were determined, and the variable relationships were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the median equivalent pore diameter(de), mean de, standard deviation(SD*), and skewness of the SPSD curves were significantly correlated with PAW(PAW330) and LLWR(LLWR330) measured in a matric head of 330 h Pa. Decrease in deand increase in the diversity of soil pore size(SD*) increased PAW330 and LLWR330. The SD* values of all the soil samples were lower than the optimal ranges suggested in literature. Neither PAW nor LLWR values were significantly different in the soils with the optimal modal deand those with non-optimal modal de. Optimal values of median and mean equivalent pore diameters and kurtosis of SPSD curves led to a significant improvement of PAW330 and LLWR330 as soil physical quality indicators. It was recommended to revise the optimal ranges for SD* and modal defor future studies.     

基于快速幂法子空间跟踪的低频振荡辨识方法

基于中国农村1986~2010年的时间序列数据，采用状态空间模型和中介效应分析方法检验并测算了农村金融发展对农村贫困的影响效应及其成分。研究结果表明：农村金融发展有效促进了农村贫困缓减，并且在促进农村贫困缓减的过程中中介效应与直接效应并存。     

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Konkurrenzbedingungen auf die Entwicklung der Bestandesstruktur von Sommerraps

Investigations on the effect of competition on stand structure of spring oilseed rape
On the basis of a field experiment with spring oilseed rape, frequency distributions of plant dry matter and plant height were investigated. Samples were taken at four developmental stages: rosette, begin of flowering, end of flowering, ripeness (harvest). To understand the effect of competition in a plant population on frequency distribution, distance of rows (16 cm, 32 cm) and number of plants (60, 90 and 120 plants/m²) were varied. Differences in frequency distribution were estimated by skewness and kurtosis.
The results show that with age of the plant population the skewness of the plant character dry matter decreases from a high positive value till ripeness to a low positive value; kurtosis also decreases during development and tends to a value of 0 at ripeness. The effect of competition as produced by number of plants for area is mirrored by a positive skewness increasing with increasing number of plants per area. The value for kurtosis also increases with the stronger competition as consequence of plant density. Row distance did not show specific effects of frequency distribution. Plant height did, generally speaking, not react to competition.     

Relationship Between Spectral Data from an Aerial Image and Soil Organic Matter and Phosphorus Levels

Early ventures into site-specific management involved fertilizer management decisions based on soil chemical properties characterized by some form of grid sampling. This is both labor and capital intensive and practitioners quickly began investigating other methods to get a measure of spatial variability. Aerial photographs, which were mainly used to evaluate and assess crop status, allow for the collection of whole-field data at relatively low cost. Our objective is to determine what relationships exist between aerial spectral data and intensive grid soil test results and whether this information can be used to improve future soil sampling strategies. Soil-test organic matter (OM) and Bray-1 P concentrations were measured on soil samples taken using an alternating 12.2- by 24.4-m grid in late March 1994 from a quarter section under center pivot irrigation. Spectral data were collected in the spring of 1996 prior to planting using a multispectral network of digital cameras. Correlations of brightness values from the blue, green, and NIR bands with both OM and Bray-1 P were significant, but relatively low. Normality tests revealed that brightness values for the spectral data sets were generally evenly distributed while those of the soil test OM and Bray-1 P were positively skewed. Many of the very high soil-test data values were due to past management. When those values were removed from the database, greater correlations between spectral data and soil test data were obtained. These results substantiated that aerial imagery can be used to improve sampling strategies, but it must be used in conjunction with existing knowledge and past management histories.     

基于小波分析和BP神经网络的滚动轴承的故障诊断

提出了一种基于小波分析和BP神经网络的滚动轴承故障诊断方法，首先采用小波包对滚动轴承振动信号进行分解与重构，然后提取重构后振动信号的峭度值，将峭度值作为特征参数输入神经网络，进行故障模式识别。通过对实验数据的分析信号表明，能有效地识别滚动轴承工作状态与故障类型。     

基于双树复小波包变换的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承故障的振动信号具有非平稳特性,存在强烈噪声干扰,难以提取故障特征频率的情况,提出了基于双树复小波包变换阈值降噪的故障诊断方法.首先将非平稳的故障振动信号进行双树复小波包分解,得到不同频带的分量;然后对每个分量求其峭度值和相关系数并进行比较;最后选取峭度值和相关系数较大的分量进行软阈值降噪和双树复小波包重构,即可有效地消除振动信号中噪声的干扰,同时保留信号中的有效信息即实现了故障特征信息的提取.本文对轴承外圈故障试验和实际工程数据进行了相关分析,并对比传统离散小波包降噪的效果,本文方法处理后的信号冲击周期性更好,较理想地去除了噪声的影响,验证了该方法可以有效地去除噪声并提取滚动轴承故障的特征信息.     

Body size distributions in North American freshwater fish: small‐scale factors and synthesis

The ecosystem size/trophic structure hypothesis predicts that the shape of body size distributions will change with ecosystem size because of increases in the relative importance of large, predatory, species. I test the hypothesis by examining the statistical moments, as measures of shape, of species body size distributions of North American freshwater fish assemblages in lakes. Species lists, coupled with dietary and body size information, are used to document the patterns. Body size distributions in small lakes are unimodal and right‐skewed, but distributions become more symmetrical and bimodal in large ecosystems. In small lakes, body sizes are generally small and fish trophic levels low, but size and trophic level increase up to lake volumes of about 0.001 km³, and change little in larger lakes. Adding trophic level to the analysis greatly improves the variance explained by the body size–lake size relation. The conclusions of Griffiths (2012, Global Ecology & Biogeography 21: 383‐392), that postglacial recolonisation and evolutionary change are important determinants of body size distributions at regional and larger scales, are combined with those of this study. Mean body size in local assemblages of lake‐dwelling species is larger than in regional and continental ones. Overall, body size distributions are affected by processes operating at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, with the type, size and duration of the ecosystem probably playing a central role by influencing the proportions of vagile and predatory species, the species which dominate the large size mode.     

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Konkurrenz auf die Bestandesentwicklung von Sommerraps bei unterschiedlicher Gunst der Umweltbedingungen

Investigations on the effect of competition with regard to the stand development of spring oilseed rape as dependent on environmental conditions
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the frequency distribution in spring oilseed rape as dependent on environmental growing conditions and plant density. As measures for frequency distribution skewness and kurtosis were estimated. The plant character determined was single plant dry matter. To understand the changes in the stand structure, samples were taken at the following developmental stages: rosette, begin of flowering, end of flowering and ripeness (harvest). Plant densities ranged from 60 plants/m², 90 plants/m² till 120 plants/m²
The results show that under unfavourable growing conditions, generally speaking, the values of (positive) skewness and kurtosis increase with the development of the plants; under favourable growing conditions, however, the values of skewness and kurtosis decrease from rosette till harvest.
Under unfavourable growing conditions as well as favourable ones, the values of skewness and kurtosis increase with strengthening of plant competition as consequence of increasing plant density. However, the trend during development and the height of the values as well as the quantitative relationships are strongly controlled by the general growing conditions. Frequency distribution, therefore, is not only a result of plant competition but also of differences in resources due to the general conditions of the location.