Poorly crystalline iron and aluminium oxides contribute to the carbon saturation and sorption of dissolved organic carbon in the soil

Soil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg^?1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.     

不同原料生物炭对铵态氮的吸附性能研究

为探讨不同原料生物炭对铵态氮吸附量及吸附机制,以花生壳、玉米秆、杨木屑和竹屑为原料,在500℃下充N_2保护热解制备生物炭,通过电镜扫面图(SEM)与傅立叶红外光谱图(FTIR)表征NH_4~+-N在生物炭表面的吸附特征,结合批量平衡吸附试验,对比研究不同原料生物炭对NH_4~+-N的吸附性能。结果表明:吸附后生物炭表面附着颗粒或粉末物质,孔隙被填充,表面变得较为平坦。四种生物炭表面分布的-OH、-C=O、-C-O,以及花生壳生物炭与玉米秆生物炭表面的-CH_3、-CH_2、-O-参与了吸附;Langmuir方程可以较好地拟合四种生物炭对NH_4~+-N的等温吸附;吸附均在50 min内达到平衡,伪二级动力学方程均可以较好地描述生物炭对NH_4~+-N的动力学吸附过程;在溶液pH=7.00条件下,初始浓度为800 mg·L~(-1)的体系中,四种生物炭对NH_4~+-N的最大吸附量为9.5~15 mg·g~(-1),吸附能力大小为花生壳生物炭玉米秆生物炭竹屑生物炭杨木屑生物炭。研究表明,生物炭表面含氧官能团对吸附NH_4~+-N起到决定性作用,吸附为单分子层吸附,且由快速反应所控制,四种生物炭中吸附性最好的是花生壳生物炭。     

改性磁性荔枝皮对水及果汁中砷的吸附效果及动力学分析

为探索安全高效实用的果汁类食品砷吸附材料,以天然植物副产物荔枝皮为材料,通过共沉法制备砷吸附材料磁性荔枝皮(magnetic litchi peel,MLP),采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定砷含量,以砷清除率为判断指标,研究了MLP对三价砷和五价砷吸附效果及机理。结果表明:改性MLP表面含有粉末状的Fe3O4,与未改性荔枝皮相比部分官能团增加,表面粗糙、更加凹凸不平,结构疏松,微孔数量增加,有利于吸附作用的进行,在砷浓度为0.20 mg/L水溶液中三价砷和五价砷吸附率为88%和90%,对苹果汁中的三价砷和五价砷吸附率为83%和93%;MLP对三价砷和五价砷溶液吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温线模型,拟合决定系数R2均大于0.99,为单分子层吸附,在298 K条件下饱和吸附量三价砷为0.181 mg/g,五价砷为0.225 mg/g;MLP对砷溶液吸附动力学可以通过准二级吸附动力学模型描述,R2均高于0.99;MLP对三价砷和五价砷的吸附过程中吉布斯自由能小于0,吸附反应是自发进行的,焓变小于0,MLP对两种价态砷的吸附都是放热反应。研究结果可为改性荔枝皮在果汁类食品中砷脱除方法和工艺的应用提供理论与数据参考。     

不同温度热解残余生物质半焦对磷的吸附

[目的]研究生物质热解制备生物油的残余半焦对水中磷的吸附性能。[方法]研究了不同温度（550、650和750℃）热解半焦吸附磷的动力学和等温线,分别采用准一级、准二级和颗粒内扩散3种模型及Langmuir、Freundlich等温吸附方程对实验数据进行拟合。[结果]结果表明准二级动力学模型能较好描述磷在半焦表面的吸附行为,平衡吸附量和吸附速率随着热解温度的升高而增加。此外,等温吸附过程能较好地用Freundlich吸附等温线方程描述,表明磷在半焦表面的吸附受多种机制影响。3种温度下热解所得半焦对磷的吸附活化能分别为10.86、11.27和10.95kJ/mol,说明该吸附过程主要为物理吸附。[结论]生物质热解半焦对水中磷具有良好的吸附去除效果。     

凹凸棒土对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附性能研究

采用凹凸棒土对废水中的Cd（II）进行吸附试验,探讨了吸附时间、凹凸棒土投加量、废水中Cd（II）的初始浓度对吸附率的影响,探索最佳工艺条件;同时考察了酸化改性后凹凸棒土对Cd（II）的吸附性能,并分析了凹凸棒土对Cd（II）的吸附等温线。结果表明Cd（II）的初始浓度越高,吸附率越低;Cd（II）在浓度为20 mg/L、吸附时间60 m in、凹凸棒土投加量60 g/L时,去除率达到94.6%;盐酸改性后,Cd（II）在浓度为20 mg/L、吸附时间60 m in、凹凸棒土投加量40 g/L时,吸附率达93.5%,当凹凸棒土投加量为60 g/L时吸附率达98.2%;从拟合吸附等温线相关性系数来看,Langmuir方程能更好地描述吸附过程中凹凸棒土对Cd（II）的吸附。     

花生壳生物炭对硝态氮的吸附机制研究

以花生壳为原料,300℃热解条件下制得生物炭。通过批量平衡吸附试验,结合吸附前后FTIR、XPS图谱表征分析探索硝态氮(NO-3-N)在生物炭表面的吸附机制。结果表明,生物炭对NO-3-N的吸附显著受溶液pH值影响,当pH6时有利于吸附的进行。随溶液初始NO-3-N浓度增加,生物炭对其吸附量逐渐增加,在初始浓度800 mg·L-1的吸附体系中,最大吸附量达40 mg·g-1,Freundlich方程可较好地拟合(R2=0.975)生物炭对NO-3-N等温吸附过程,吸附为非均一的多分子层吸附;生物炭对NO-3-N的吸附可在30 min达到平衡,伪二级动力学方程能够较好地描述吸附动力学过程,表明吸附以化学吸附为主。FTIR、XPS图谱分析表明,生物炭表面分布的羟基(-OH)、芳香环羰基(-C=O)及脂肪族醚类(-O-)等官能团参与了吸附过程,且与之相连的C原子结合能均增加。结合生物炭表面金属离子分布状况,综合分析认为,通过氢键形成和金属桥键作用是生物炭对NO-3-N吸附的主要机制。     

Geochemical Fractionation and Adsorption Characteristics of Zinc in Thai Major Calcareous Soils

Zinc (Zn) is a vital plant nutrient that is widely deficient in Thai cultivated calcareous soils. The chemical fractionation and adsorption of Zn are among the most important solid- and liquid-phase interactions that determine the retention of Zn in the soils. This study aimed to investigate the fractionation and adsorption isotherms of Zn in cultivated Thai calcareous soils. The results of sequential extractions showed that Zn is mainly distributed in residual fractions followed by organic-bound, iron and manganese oxides-bound, carbonate-bound, and exchangeable Zn, respectively. Zinc adsorption was well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Thai calcareous soils had high Zn adsorption capacity. Soil pH, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, cation exchange capacity, and extractable calcium were the major soil properties that affected the Zn adsorption isotherms in these soils. Zinc hydroxide was the solid precipitate and the Zn hydroxide ion (ZnOH⁺) was the dominant Zn ion in alkaline equilibrium solution.     

Flowability,moisture sorption and thermal properties of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] grain flours

Recently tef is attracting the attention of the modern food industry since it is a gluten-free grain encompassing highly appreciated nutritional advaxntages. As a relatively new raw material, little information on its handling and processing properties is available. Flowability, water sorption characteristics and thermal properties of flours from three Ethiopian tef varieties were studied. Wheat (whole and refined) and rice flours were included as references. Tef flours were less flowable than the reference flours and their flow properties were more sensitive to water activity changes. Tef flours led to sigmoidal sorption isotherms with estimated monolayer water content of 0.053 (BET model) and 0.057 (GAB model) g water/g dry solids. No significant differences among the three tef varieties were observed on their gelatinization enthalpies that were higher than that of wheat and similar to rice. The amylopectin recrystallization extent after 7 days of storage at 4 °C was significantly higher in tef than in wheat flour.     

Comparison of single and competitive metal adsorption by pepper stem biochar

Carbon-based sorbents have been proven to be cost-effective in removing pollutants from wastewater. Biochar from plant residue and agricultural waste is an emerging treatment technology. However, there is a limited number of studies on the effects of various biochar sources on metal adsorption. The aim of this study was using batch experiment to evaluate the adsorption of heavy metals in single- and multi-metal conditions onto pepper stem biochar. The maximum adsorption capacities (mg g^?1) of metals by pepper stem biochar were in the order of Pb (131) ? Cr (76) > Cd (67) > Cu (48) > Zn (31) in the single-metal adsorption isotherm and Pb (91) ? Cu (39) > Cr (29) > Zn (20) > Cd (13) in the multi-metal adsorption isotherm. Lead was the most retained cation, whereas Cr and Cd could be easily exchanged and substituted by other metals (Pb or Cu). For pepper stem biochar, the Langmuir model provided a slightly better fit than the Freundlich model. Results from the batch experiments show that competitive adsorption among metals increases the mobility of these metals. Particularly, Cd adsorption capacity in multi-metal conditions was significantly reduced. Overall, the results suggested that competitive adsorption studies are necessary for obtaining an accurate estimation of the metal retention capacity of pepper stem biochar in natural environments.