A comparison of the effect of organic acids and dicalcium phosphate supplementation on phosphorus bioavailability,growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Labeo rohita fingerlings

The effect of organic acids (OA) and dicalcium phosphate (P_i) supplementation in the feed of Labeo rohita fingerlings was studied by formulating seven practical diets, designed as D1 with no feed additives {dicalcium phosphorus (P_i) and organic acid (OA) blend} while, D2, D3, D4 and D5 were supplemented with P_i at the graded levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg, respectively, whereas D6 and D7 contained blend of OA at 15 and 30 g/kg, respectively. The diet supplemented with OA blend exhibited increase (p < .05) in growth of L. rohita fingerlings compared with the diet supplemented with P_i. The OA supplementation at both levels showed significant improvement in nutrients digestibility and minerals absorption in fingerlings. Moreover, in case of muscle proximate composition, crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP) were increased (p < .05) with the inclusion of OA blend in the diet while crude ash (CA) was improved by P_i supplementation. Additionally, digestive enzyme activities were not affected (p ? .05) by OA blend supplementation while increased activities were observed in the fingerlings fed with P_i diet. Consequently, supplementation of OA blend in the diet improved the growth performance and nutrient status while P_i enhanced digestive enzyme activities of L. rohita fingerlings.     

利用HPLC-ICP-MS方法测定中华绒螯蟹不同形态砷的残留量

采用高效液相色谱串联电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定中华绒螯蟹可食部位6种砷形态的残留量。经过前处理、提取和脱脂后,通过色谱柱、流动相、pH和流速等参数调节,筛选得到最优化的分离和检测条件。结果表明,6种砷形态的混合标准溶液在质量浓度0~50 μg/L范围时,均呈现良好的线性关系,其R²达到0.999,检测限为0.0060~0.0912 μg/kg,定量限为0.020~0.304 μg/kg。在样品中添加0.5、5、50 μg/L浓度水平,回收率良好,范围是70%~120%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均<5%,方法精密度与重复性均良好。本方法为中华绒螯蟹可食部位砷形态残留量建立了有效检测方法,为水产品砷残留快速检测提供技术支撑。     

长期施肥处理对双季晚稻叶绿素荧光特征及籽粒产量的影响

研究施肥模式对水稻叶绿素含量及荧光参数的调节作用,对提高水稻光能利用效率及籽粒产量具有重要意义。本研究以水稻品种赣929为试验材料,比较长期定位施磷钾肥(PK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%氮磷钾肥配合施用30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%氮磷钾肥配合施用50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%氮磷钾肥配合施用70%有机肥(30F+70M)条件下水稻叶绿素荧光参数和产量变化特征。结果表明,水稻旗叶叶绿素含量从齐穗期到成熟期呈下降趋势,且表现为30F+70M50F+50M70F+30MNPKPK。水稻叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm随水稻生育期的推进呈降低趋势,其中PK处理Fv/Fm值最低,而施氮处理比不施氮处理Fv/Fm值增加了2.85%～4.18%。叶绿素荧光参数qL、ΦPSII在NPK处理中表现为齐穗期较高, 20 d之后显著降低;在50F+50M、30F+70M处理中表现为齐穗期较低, 20 d以后显著增加;在PK处理、70F+30M处理中一直处于较高水平。NPQ变化趋势与qL基本相反。ETR-PAR光响应曲线拟合结果表明, 70F+30M处理ETRmax、?和Ek值在齐穗期和20 d后值均最高。综合看来,等养分条件下配施30%有机肥具有最优的叶绿素荧光指标组合及籽粒产量;而配施超过50%有机肥由于前期热耗散增大使得用于光合作用的光能份额减少,而施用氮磷钾肥处理则由于后期的衰老使得光能利用效率下降。     

两种典型炭材料对微生物还原含砷水铁矿的影响及其机制研究

研究了活性炭和生物炭对Shewanella oneidensis MR-1还原含砷水铁矿过程的影响,并探究了这一过程中砷的释放、转化及其在次生矿物中的分布。研究结果表明:在培养初期活性炭和生物炭抑制了含砷水铁矿中铁的微生物还原过程,可能的原因是活性炭和生物炭抑制了菌的生长,荧光染色结果证实了这一过程;在培养中期,微生物逐渐适应培养环境,并使铁还原持续进行,培养结束时活性炭和生物炭显著增加了含砷水铁矿中铁还原的比例。培养基中的磷酸根通过置换作用使水铁矿中的部分砷释放至溶液,而微生物还原含砷水铁矿过程中,活性炭和生物炭抑制了溶液中砷的去除。此外,微生物还原含砷铁矿过程中,依次生成了蓝铁矿和菱铁矿两种次生矿物。SEM-EDX结果表明,在两种次生矿物中,砷主要被蓝铁矿固定。该结果有助于我们从氧化还原的角度评估活性炭和生物炭在农业环境应用过程中的环境效应。     

微生物砷甲基化及挥发研究进展

砷(As)是一种全球关注的有毒元素。在自然环境中,砷主要以无机形态存在。环境微生物对无机砷的甲基化及挥发对砷的生物地球化学循环有重要影响。利用微生物砷挥发来削减土壤砷浓度,是具有应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文综述了砷甲基化机理、砷甲基化基因起源和进化的最新进展,不同物种之间砷甲基化基因的水平转移是该基因传播的主要途径;阐述了目前报道的砷甲基化过程的几种可能机制。鉴于微生物砷甲基化在生物地球化学循环及环境健康方面的重要作用,该综述对未来该领域研究有重要指导意义。     

Effect of conservation agriculture on soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration and lability: A study from a rice–wheat cropping system on a calcareous soil of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains

Increasing soil carbon (C) in arable soils is an important strategy to achieve sustainable yields and mitigate climate change. We investigated changes in soil organic and inorganic carbon (SOC and SIC) under conservation agriculture (CA) in a calcareous soil of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The treatments were as follows: conventional-till rice and wheat (CT-CT), CT rice and zero-till wheat (CT-ZT), ZT direct seeded rice (DSR) and CT wheat (ZT-CT), ZTDSR and ZT wheat without crop residue retention (ZT-ZT), ZT-ZT with residue (ZT-ZT+R), and DSR and wheat both on permanent beds with residue (PB-PB+R). The ZT-ZT+R had the highest total SOC in both 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers (20% and 40% higher (p < .05) than CT-CT, respectively), whereas total SIC decreased by 11% and 15% in the respective layers under ZT-ZT+R compared with CT-CT. Non-labile SOC was the largest pool, followed by very labile, labile and less labile SOC. The benefits of ZT and residue retention were greatest for very labile SOC, which showed a significant (p < .05) increase (~50%) under ZT-ZT+R compared with CT-CT. The ZT-ZT+R sequestered ~2 Mg ha⁻¹ total SOC in the 0–15 cm soil layer in 6 years, where CT registered significant losses. Thus, the adoption of CA should be recommended in calcareous soils, for C sequestration, and also as a reclamation technique.     

黄河口生态恢复工程对湿地土壤不同形态无机硫动态变化的影响

选择黄河口生态恢复前后的未恢复区（R₀）、2007年恢复区（R₂₀₀₇）和2002年恢复区（R₂₀₀₂）的芦苇湿地为研究对象，探讨了生态恢复工程对生长季湿地土壤无机硫形态变化的影响。结果表明，生态恢复工程不同程度地改变了湿地土壤中各形态无机硫含量。相对于R₀，R₂₀₀₂和R₂₀₀₇土壤中的水溶性硫（H₂O—S）含量分别降低46.7%和44.7%，吸附性硫（Adsorbed—S）和盐酸可溶性硫（HCl—Soluble—S）含量分别增加0.4%，116.0%和50.1%，29.1%，而盐酸挥发性硫（HCl—Volatile—S）含量在R₂₀₀₂下降8.0%，在R₂₀₀₇增加19.7%。不同恢复阶段湿地土壤中各形态无机硫含量在生长季呈不同的变化特征，这一方面与不同湿地植物生长节律以及地上与地下之间的硫养分供给关系密切相关；另一方面则与不同生态补水方式导致的环境因子，尤其是pH、EC和氮养分的变化有关。随着恢复年限的增加，湿地土壤的总无机硫（TIS）含量以及其占全硫（TS）含量的比例均呈降低趋势。湿地土壤的TIS储量整体随恢复年限的增加而降低，而这种降低主要取决于H₂O—S、Adsorbed—S和HCl—Soluble—S的贡献，且以H₂O—S占优（78%~80%）。研究发现，随着黄河口湿地的逐渐恢复以及每年冬季芦苇收割活动的进行，恢复湿地土壤中的无机硫养分逐渐趋于缺乏状态，长期来看将不利于维持湿地的稳定与健康。     

Isolating the effect of soil properties on agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions under controlled conditions

Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Soil properties and environmental factors have complex interactions which influence the dynamics of these GHG fluxes. Four arable and five grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents (50 or 80% water holding capacity) and with or without inorganic fertiliser application (70 kg N ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate) over 22 days. Emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ were measured twice per week by headspace gas sampling, and cumulative fluxes were calculated. Multiple regression modelling was carried out to determine which factors (soil mineral N, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, C:N ratios, clay contents and pH) that best explained the variation in GHG fluxes. Clay, mineral N and soil C contents were found to be the most important explanatory variables controlling GHG fluxes in this study. However, none of the measured variables explained a significant amount of variation in CO₂ fluxes from the arable soils. The results were generally consistent with previously published work. However, N₂O emissions from the two Scottish soils were substantially more sensitive to inorganic N fertiliser application at 80% water holding capacity than the other soils, with the N₂O emissions being up to 107 times higher than the other studied soils.     

我国土壤-蔬菜作物系统重金属污染及其安全生产综合农艺调控技术

近年来,重金属污染耕地安全利用技术研究取得了突破进展,然而将这些关键技术与蔬菜传统高度集约化种植模式进行耦合的研究还比较少,大规模推广应用鲜见报道。因此,本文在查阅最新发表文献的基础上,梳理了我国土壤-蔬菜作物系统重金属污染状况,归纳了蔬菜作物重金属吸收积累特征,并总结了重金属污染蔬菜地安全生产综合农艺调控技术研究进展。当前,我国蔬菜地土壤重金属污染以中轻度为主,且区域分异明显。蔬菜作物重金属超标现象在全国各地时有发生,给蔬菜产业发展和人类健康带来了极大的危害。蔬菜作物对重金属的积累能力因种类、品种、部位而异,受基因型、土壤理化性质和外界环境条件的制约,因此调整种植布局、选用重金属低积累品种、合理轮间套作、施用土壤改良剂和钝化剂、优化水肥管理技术等农艺调控措施是目前中轻度重金属污染蔬菜地安全利用的重要技术途径。未来在进一步深入研究土壤-蔬菜系统重金属迁移转化规律的基础上,宜加强土壤-蔬菜地系统安全生产技术标准、传统种植模式与综合农艺调控措施耦合技术、长期定位试验及风险评价等方面的研究,以实现重金属中轻度污染蔬菜地的安全利用和农产品的安全生产。     

关中灌区有机肥替代化肥的玉米种植效果研究

【目的】研究有机肥与化肥配施对玉米生长和土壤无机氮含量的影响,筛选适合玉米生长的施肥处理,为玉米农田生产力提升和氮肥过量的污染控制提供参考。【方法】试验共设置A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H 8个处理,分别为不施肥(对照)、施用100%化肥(N 0.20 g/kg,P_2O_5 0.10 g/kg,K_2O 0.10 g/kg)、施用80%化肥、施用50%化肥、施用50%化肥+50%猪粪、施用50%化肥+50%蚯蚓粪、施用扩蓄增容肥(N 0.20 g/kg,P_2O_5 0.13 g/kg,K_2O 0.10 g/kg)、施用玉米专用肥(N 0.20 g/kg,P_2O_5 0.04 g/kg,K_2O 0.03 g/kg),其中B、C、D处理为减氮处理,B、E、F、G、H处理为等氮(施氮量均为0.20 g/kg)处理,采用盆栽试验,于拔节期和大喇叭口期采集玉米地上部、根部样品及土样,测定并分析玉米生长性状及土壤无机氮含量,探究减氮及等氮条件下不同施肥处理对玉米生长及土壤养分的影响。【结果】盆栽条件下,施氮量为0.20 g/kg时,减氮50%～80%不会显著影响拔节期和大喇叭口期玉米的生长。在玉米拔节期和大喇叭口期,等氮条件下猪粪、蚯蚓粪与化肥配合施用处理的玉米株高、叶片SPAD值、地上部干质量、根系干质量、根系表面积、根系体积、根系活力、根系长度均较高;而土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量整体呈波动下降趋势。【结论】盆栽条件下,各减氮处理均未显著影响玉米大部分生长性状及土壤无机氮含量,揭示减氮对玉米生产是可行的,且以猪粪、蚯蚓粪与化肥配施效果较好。