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Shao-Chi  WU  Chorng-Liang  PAN 《Fisheries Science》2004,70(6):1164-1173
ABSTRACT:   Algal-oligosaccharide-lysates (AOL), derived from six agars and four algal polysaccharide extracts (APE), were treated with 100–500 activity units (AU) of MA103-agarases or MAEF108-agarases, and their antioxidative properties evaluated. Soluble total polyphenols (TP) were between 462.2 ± 1.6 gallic acid equivalents (GAE, µg/mL) and 70.6 ± 17.4 GAE. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity of all AOL went from 68.3 ± 0.7% to 0.5 ± 0.1%. The ferrous ion chelating capacity of all AOL went from 93.1 ± 0.2% to 21.7 ± 0.9%. Evaluation of the H2O2 scavenging capacity of all AOL was between 35.9 ± 5.4% and 0.1 ± 0.2%. The reducing power of all AOL went from 51.3 ± 2.6 to 3.2 ± 6.8 expressed as µg/mL ascorbic acid. In DPPH radical scavenging capacity, ferrous ion chelating capacity and reducing power etc., the AOL derived from the APE of Porphyra dentate (digested by 500 AU of MAEF108-agarases) were highest, in all test sets. However, the AOL derived from the APE of Monostroma nitidum (digested by 500 AU of MAEF108-agarases) had the highest H2O2 scavenging capacity in all test sets. The order of antioxidative activity performance of all AOL treated in this experiment, by these four antioxidative methods, is as follows: ferrous ion chelating capacity > DPPH radical scavenging capacity > H2O2 scavenging capacity > reducing power; this may be related to their polyphenols, small molecular weight polysaccharides or simple sugar constituents. In this study, it is demonstrated that various agarases derived from algal oligosaccharide mixtures possess good potential for use as a health food, due to their antioxidative capacity.  相似文献   
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食品物性学是一门重理论基础,实践性强,涉及面广的课程。该文介绍了我国食品物性学课程教学和研究现状,并提出了提升食品特性学课程的教学质量措施。主要包括:借举国内外教学成果、与多学科相融合、加强实践教学等。  相似文献   
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Pasture productivity depends on soil hydro-physical properties, which in turn are deeply affected by livestock grazing. However, the comparative response of different soil types, and particularly gypseous soil types, to grazing has hardly been studied before. This paper compares the effect of grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties of silty gypseous (Gy) and non-gypseous (NGy) soils located in a semi-arid region (Middle Ebro Valley, NE, Spain). Two different soil managements were selected: ungrazed natural shrubland (N) and grazed shrubland (GR) soils. The gypsum, CaCO3 and organic matter content (OM), soil texture, soil bulk density (ρb), penetration resistance (PR), saturated sorptivity (S), hydraulic conductivity (K), and the water retention curve (WRC) for undisturbed soil samples from 1 to 10 cm depth soil layer were measured. The ρb and PR in NGy soils were significantly higher than those observed in the Gy ones. Soil compaction due to grazing treatment tended to increase ρb and decrease the K and S values. While no differences in PR were observed in the Gy soils between grazing treatments, the PR measured in the NGy soils under GR was significantly higher than the corresponding values observed under N. Differences in K and S between GR and N treatments were only significant (p < 0.05) in NGy soils, where K and S values under the N treatment were almost four times greater than the corresponding values measured under GR. Overall, no differences in the WRCs were observed between soil types and grazing treatments. While the WRCs of NGy soils were not significantly affected by the grazing treatment, Gy soils under N treatment present a significantly higher level of soil macropores than under GR treatment. The hydro-physical features of Gy soils tended to be less affected by grazing than those of the NGy soils. These results suggest that livestock grazing, in both Gy and NGy soils, has a negative effect on the physical soil properties, which should be taken into account by land managers of these semi-arid regions where silty gypseous and non-gypseous areas coexist.  相似文献   
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This study evaluates soil properties in organically managed olive groves and natural zones in a mountainous area of Andalusia, Spain. Two soil types (Eutric Regosol and Eutric Cambisol) and the most common soil management methods (tillage and two intensities of grazing) were studied. Both soil types in the groves had values not much lower than those in the natural areas. Average (±SE) values in the groves were 1.58 ± 0.71% for organic carbon, 323 ± 98 g kg?1 for macroaggregate stability, 1.11 ± 0.16 g cm?3 for bulk density, 3.5 ± 1.6 mm h?1 for saturated hydraulic conductivity and 1209 ± 716 mg CO2 kg?1 for soil respiration. Overall, these values tended to be lower in the tilled compared with that in the grazed groves. The average phosphorus soil content (5.83 ± 5.22 mg kg?1) was low for olive production and within adequate ranges for N (0.12 ± 0.05%) and K (142 ± 81 mg kg?1). Soil erosion was high in the tilled groves (35.5 ± 18.2 t ha?1 year?1) with soil loss correlating with indicators of soil degradation such as organic carbon content and water stable macroaggregates. In the grazed groves, soil loss was moderate with no clear indications of soil degradation. Overall, there was significant farm‐to‐farm variability within the same soil and land management systems. Olive production had a moderate effect on soil degradation compared with natural areas and olive cultivation could be sustained in future if cover crop soil management replaced tillage, especially in the most sloping areas.  相似文献   
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This paper describes a mathematical approach for time saving by using a variable application rate of water compared to a constant application rate in a sprinkler irrigation system. A mathematical equation was developed for a variable application rate based on the infiltration rate of soil and the water application rate of sprinklers. To apply a given depth of water, the time saving was calculated by on–off cycles of sprinklers through variable application rate over constant application rate of water. A commonly available sprinkler model was selected for this study. The time saving achieved using the variable application rate was calculated and compared to apply to a 10 cm depth of water. The maximum time saving was achieved at the highest operating pressures recommended by the manufacturer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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The expansion of oil palm monocultures into globally important Southeast Asian tropical peatlands has caused severe environmental damage. Despite much of the current focus of environmental impacts being directed at industrial scale plantations, over half of oil palm land-use cover in Southeast Asia is from smallholder plantations. We differentiated a first generation smallholder oil palm monoculture into 8 different sampling zones, and further divided the 8 sampling zones into oil palm root influenced (Proximal) and reduced root influence (Distal) areas, to assess how peat properties regulate in situ carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes. We found that all the physico-chemical properties and nutrient concentrations except sulphur varied significantly among sampling zones. All physico-chemical properties except electrical conductivity, and all nutrient content except nitrogen and potassium varied significantly between Proximal and Distal areas. Mean CO2 fluxes (ranged between 382 and 1191 mg m−2 h−1) varied significantly among sampling zones, and between Proximal and Distal areas, with notably high emissions in Dead Wood and Path zones, and consistently higher emissions in Proximal areas compared to Distal areas within almost all the zones. CH4 fluxes (ranged between −32 and 243 µg m−2 h−1) did not significantly vary between Proximal and Distal areas, however significantly varied amongst sampling zones. CH4 flux was notably high in Canal Edge and Understorey Ferns zones, and negative in Dead Wood zone. The results demonstrate the high heterogeneity of peat properties within oil palm monoculture, strengthening the need for intensive sampling to characterize a land use in the tropical peatlands.  相似文献   
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The screw withdrawal resistance and the mechanical behavior of agglomerated panels reinforced with coir and pejibaye fibers were evaluated using through and non-through screw withdrawal tests. Widespread commercially materials, such as Pinus solid wood, Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) and plywood, were also tested in order to compare the behavior and results obtained with the lignocellulosic-reinforced agglomerated panels. Among the conventional materials tested, the highest maximum withdrawal load/thickness ratio was measured in solid wood. Panels reinforced with natural fibers showed lower withdrawal resistance than conventional materials. However, panels reinforced with coir fibers reached about 74% of the maximum strength achieved by MDF samples. Panels reinforced with pejibaye showed the worst mechanical performance. Hybridization between pejibaye and coir fibers resulted, however, in a performance improvement of approximately 50% in the maximum withdrawal load comparing with panels reinforced only with pejibaye fibers. The behavior along screw withdrawal was analyzed and could be split into four different steps. Each of these steps was correlated to the screw withdrawal rate, and also with the interactions between the material and the screw. The mechanisms involved in each step are presented and discussed.  相似文献   
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