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微生物和生物炭联用对猪粪堆肥后重金属Pb和Cd的钝化效果 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
为探讨微生物和生物炭联用对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中重金属钝化效果的影响,该文研究生物炭(花生壳炭、木屑炭、玉米秸秆炭)与复合微生物菌剂联用对重金属Pb、Cd形态转化及钝化效果的影响。试验结果表明:9个处理高温期维持天数均达无害化卫生要求,生物炭添加比例对堆肥过程中温度变化影响显著。对Pb的钝化效果最优处理是24%花生壳生物炭和1%的菌剂(T9),可交换态分配率较堆前下降16.32%,钝化效率为74.60%。对Cd的钝化效果最优的处理是24%木屑炭和1.5%的菌剂(T3),交换态Cd与堆前相比下降7.96%,钝化效率为58.13%。统计分析结果表明,重金属Pb、Cd的钝化效果与堆肥过程中平均pH值呈显著正相关,重金属Pb的钝化效果与堆肥过程中温度平均值呈显著正相关,重金属Cd的钝化效果与有机质降解率呈显著正相关。 相似文献
3.
A preliminary trial of the sedation induced by intranasal administration of midazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine and reversal by atipamezole for a short‐term immobilization in pigeons 下载免费PDF全文
Slavomir Hornak Tomas Liptak Valent Ledecky Rudolf Hromada Jan Bilek David Mazensky Vladimir Petrovic 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2015,42(2):192-196
ObjectiveTo assess the sedative and immobilization effect of intranasal administration (INS) of midazolam (MID) without or with INS dexmedetomidine (DXM), and some physiological changes induced by the drugs. The ability of INS atipamezole to reverse the DXM component was also assessed.Study designProspective ‘blinded’ experimental study.AnimalsIn total, 15 pigeons.MethodsPigeons were sedated by INS MID alone at a dose of 5 mg kg−1 (group MID, n = 6) or in combination with INS DXM at a dose 80 μg kg−1 (group MID-DXM, n = 6). Measurements were made of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and cloacal temperature (CT). The degree of sedation was assessed at 15 minutes prior to, immediately after, and at intervals until 100 minutes after drug administrations. Following MID-DXM, INS atipamezole (250 μg kg−1) was administered and the same indices measured 5 and 10 minutes later.ResultsMID had no effect on HR and fR, and although CT decreased, it remained within physiological range. MID-DXM caused significant falls in HR, fR and CT that persisted until the end of sedation. Atipamezole antagonized sedation and cardiorespiratory side effects of MID-DXM within 10 minutes of application. In addition, for MID compared to MID-DXM, the lowest sedation scores [10 (7–14) and 10.5 (5–14) versus 2 (1–4) and 2 (1–5)] were achieved in the 10th and 20th minute versus the 20th and 30th minute of the sedation, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMID alone, given INS had minimal side effects on vital functions but caused inadequate immobilization of pigeons for restraint in dorsal recumbency. MID-DXM caused an effective degree of immobilization from 20 to 30 minutes after administration, at which time birds tolerated postural changes without resistance. Atipamezole antagonized both side effects and sedation, but complete recovery had not occurred within 10 minutes after its application. 相似文献
4.
Accelerated induction of etorphine immobilization in blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) through the addition of hyaluronidase 下载免费PDF全文
ObjectiveTo study the effects of the addition of hyaluronidase (HA) to an etorphine/azaperone drug combination on induction times of immobilization.Study designExperimental part-randomized ‘blinded’ cross-over study.AnimalsEight wild managed blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus).MethodsAnimals were immobilized, on separate occasions separated by two weeks, with one of four treatments. Treatments were; ‘Control drugs (CD), etorphine 0.01 mg kg−1 + azaperone at 0.1 mg kg−1; treatment 1 CD + 5000IU HA; treatment 2 CD + 7500 IU HA; and treatment 3 etorphine 0.007 mg kg−1 + azaperone at 0.07 mg kg−1 + 7500 IU HA. Times to first effect and to immobilization (from darting to possible to approach and blindfold) were measured. anova was used to compare treatments. Results are given in means ± SD (range).ResultsFor control, and treatments 1–3 respectively, times (in minutes) to first effect were 1.58 ± 0.42 (1.02–2.10), 1.64 ± 0.42 (0.95–2.17), 1.12 ± 0.24 (0.80–1.48) and 1.60 ± 0.21 (1.13–1.88) and to immobilization were 5.38 ± 1.53 (3.82–8.07), 3.80 ± 1.14 (2.02–5.50), 3.51 ± 1.08 (2.28–5.52) and 4.46 ± 0.67 (3.30–5.40). Compared to control, time to first effect for treatment 2 was significantly shorter. Time to immobilization was significantly quicker in all three treatments containing HA than that for control.Conclusion and clinical relevanceHyaluronidase can reduce the time to immobilization when used in the immobilizing dart, and might be usefully incorporated into etorphine combinations for darting wildlife. 相似文献
5.
Pratap SRIVASTAVA Rishikesh SINGH Sachchidan TRIPATHI Pardeep SINGH Shikha SINGH Hema SINGH Akhilesh Singh RAGHUBANSHI Pradeep Kumar MISHRA 《土壤圈》2017,27(5):792-806
It is globally accepted that soil carbon (C) dynamics are at the core of interlinked environmental problems,deteriorating soil quality and changing climate.Its management remains a complex enigma for the scientific community due to its intricate relationship with soil nitrogen (N) availability and moisture-temperature interactions.This article reviews the management aspects of soil C dynamics in light of recent advances,particularly in relation to the availability of inorganic N pools and associated microbial processes under changing climate.Globally,drastic alterations in soil C dynamics under changing land use and management practices have been primarily attributed to the variation in soil N availability,resulting in a higher decomposition rate and a considerable decline in soil organic C (SOC) levels due to increased soil CO2 emissions,degraded soil quality,and increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations,leading to climate warming.Predicted climate warming is proposed to enhance SOC decomposition,which may further increase soil N availability,leading to higher soil CO2 efflux.However,a literature survey revealed that soil may also act as a potential C sink,if we could manage soil inorganic N pools and link microbial processes properly.Studies also indicated that the relative,rather than the absolute,availability of inorganic N pools might be of key importance under changing climate,as these N pools are variably affected by moisture-temperature interactions,and they have variable impacts on SOC turnover.Therefore,multi-factorial studies are required to understand how the relative availability of inorganic N pools and associated microbial processes may determine SOC dynamics for improved soil C management. 相似文献
6.
Mak Chanratana Gwang Hyun Han Manoharan Melvin Joe Aritra Roy Choudhury Seshadri Sundaram Md. Abdul Halim 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2018,64(11):1489-1502
Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20, a promising plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and a biocontrol agent, was immobilized in different formulations such as wet chitosan, dry chitosan, wet alginate and dry alginate and were tested for tomato plant growth promotion. Chitosan solution (1.5%) with pH 5.5–6.0 and 90 min contact time was found optimal for immobilization. The chitosan formulations showed better entrapment efficiency and good degradability resistance apart from slow release of cells under prolonged incubation. Survivability of bacteria (80%) was observed in wet chitosan formulation even after 90 days of storage at 4°C. The spermosphere survival of bacteria was high in both dry and wet chitosan formulations applied soils even after 21 days under greenhouse conditions. While the alginate formulation degraded fully, partial degradation of chitosan formulation was observed even after 30 days, indicating its ability to support the survival of M. oryzae CBMB20 in soil. Plants inoculated with wet chitosan formulation registered 1.3 fold increase in the shoot and root length and dry weight compared to other treatments. Hence, chitosan formulation supporting better plant growth compared to alginate will be a better carrier for taking bacteria to the plant rhizosphere and thereby promote plant growth. 相似文献
7.
不同钝化剂对铅锌矿区周边农田镉铅污染钝化修复研究 总被引:13,自引:7,他引:6
采用大田试验和盆栽试验,研究了海泡石(S)、石灰(L)、腐植酸(H)、生物炭(B)和钙镁磷肥(P)对云南某铅锌矿区周边玉米农田的修复效果,并采用BCR形态分级试验研究土壤钝化前后重金属形态的变化。结果表明:石灰和海泡石可显著提高土壤pH。钝化处理可显著降低DTPA提取态Cd、Pb含量,盆栽试验中,生物炭45 t·hm~(-2)处理对Cd钝化效率可达45.3%,石灰2.25 t·hm~(-2)处理对Pb钝化效率可达60.6%;大田试验中,钙镁磷肥3 t·hm~(-2)处理对Cd最高钝化效率可达48.3%,石灰4.5 t·hm~(-2)处理对Pb钝化效率可达25.3%。石灰、海泡石和生物炭对重金属形态变化影响显著,可促进重金属由高活性形态向低活性形态转换。钝化处理可显著降低玉米籽粒中Cd、Pb含量,生物炭22.5 t·hm~(-2)处理下,Cd最大降幅85%,作物达到食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2012,Cd≤0.1 mg·kg-1),石灰4.5 t·hm~(-2)处理下,Pb最大降幅59.6%,但未达到食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2012,Pb≤0.2 mg·kg-1)。部分钝化剂可以起到增产的作用,腐植酸22.5 t·hm~(-2)处理下可增产29.1%。综合分析不同钝化剂及其施用量的效果可知,海泡石和石灰是对该矿区周边Cd、Pb污染农田修复效果最佳的钝化剂,最佳施用量分别为海泡石45 t·hm~(-2)和石灰2.25 t·hm~(-2)。 相似文献
8.
土壤重金属钝化效果评估——基于大田试验的研究 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
采用野外大田试验,研究了钙镁磷肥(Calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer)、麦饭石(Medical stone)、氧化铁吸附剂(Ferric oxide adsorbent)、氧化铝复合材料(Alumina composite)、植物型有机肥(Plant-based organic fertilizer)、牛粪(Cow dung)、骨炭(Bone char)对某地重金属污染农田的钝化修复效果,并利用动态加权评估方法评估了这几种钝化材料的综合适用性。试验结果表明:几种材料对土壤pH影响均较小,钙镁磷肥、麦饭石微量提高了土壤pH,与对照组相比分别增加0.68和0.74个单位;施加植物型有机肥、牛粪和骨炭提高了土壤有机质含量,与对照组相比分别增加了3.19、2.64 g·kg~(-1)和1.17 g·kg~(-1)(10.04%、8.31%和3.68%)。几种材料在0.6%的投加量下,除植物型有机肥外均有较好钝化效果,土壤有效态镉降低18%以上,且显著减少糙米中镉蓄积量(0.062~0.087mg·kg~(-1)),低于国家食品安全标准限值。为综合评估几种材料的效果及适用性,以土壤重金属有效态含量、糙米镉含量、修复成本和产量为指标构建动态加权函数综合评估模型,评估结果表明,钙镁磷肥的综合修复效果最好,其次为骨炭和植物型有机肥。 相似文献
9.
从辽东湾沿岸受石油污染的沉积物中筛选得到一株石油降解菌株BHB-16,对该菌进行了形态以及16SrDNA系统发育分析,初步确定该菌株为Lutibacterium菌属。应用沸石和珊瑚石作为载体进行该菌株的固定化研究,确定当沸石作为载体时,固定化的最佳条件为:菌株接种量为0.6mL,培养时间28h,载体投加量为10mL;选用珊瑚石为载体时,固定化的最佳条件为:菌株接种量为0.6mL,培养时间29h,载体投加量为12mL;此外,用沸石和珊瑚石固定后的菌株,其对于柴油的降解率相对于游离菌分别提高了14.4%和29.6%,初步选用珊瑚石作为载体进行菌株的固定化使其具有更好的石油降解能力。 相似文献
10.
底物添加对森林2个不同演替阶段土壤氨基糖动态的影响 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
以鼎湖山马尾松林和季风林2个演替阶段的土壤为研究对象,采用室内恒温(25 ℃)培养,研究了葡萄糖和不同数量无机氮施入对土壤氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖和胞壁酸)动态的影响,并利用氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值探讨了真菌和细菌残留物在碳氮固持过程中的相对贡献。结果表明:在整个培养期间,季风林土壤氨基糖总量显著高于马尾松林,尤其在培养初期,增幅远高于马尾松林, 在培养后期,马尾松林土壤氨基糖含量下降幅度高于季风林。底物添加对不同微生物来源的氨基糖单体含量的影响也有所差异,以胞壁酸为代表的细菌细胞壁残留物比真菌更易受到外源物质的影响,但真菌细胞壁残留物对土壤有机质的截获和稳定作用大于细菌。真菌、细菌残留物的积累和转化过程可以通过氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值反映,细菌在培养前期更容易利用外源物质,但随着培养时间的进行,真菌占据了主导地位。不同碳氮比的外源底物对氨基糖总量和各氨基糖单体含量的动态影响不显著。与马尾松林相比,处在演替顶级的季风林土壤易于利用活性底物,显著促进了碳氮的微生物固持和微生物残留物在土壤中的保留,这说明土壤氨基糖作为微生物残留物可以探讨土壤碳氮的耦合机制,对调节土壤碳氮的养分平衡具有重要意义。 相似文献