Fish functional diversity responses following flood pulses in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Flood pulses are the main force driving the dynamics of aquatic communities in floodplains. The responses of communities to environmental changes following flood pulses usually demand a time lag to appear and reach the climax. We assembled a data set of 16 years of fish samplings to assess the relationship between water level and four functional diversity measures, in the upper Paraná River floodplain. Specifically, we approached four aspects of each relationship between water level and functional diversity: nature (positive or negative), sensitivity (response intensity), responsiveness (response delay) and extent (response duration). The nature of the relationship between water level and functional diversity was positive in all cases. Functional richness (FRic) responded right after flood pulses, although with shorter extent. Abundance‐dependent functional measures (evenness—FEve; divergence—FDiv; and Rao's quadratic entropy—Rao's Q) presented delayed responses, reaching peaks more than 1.5 years after flood pulses. Significant effects of floods on fish functional diversity were observed for more than 3 years, although the highest functional diversity was observed with 1.8 years, on average. More importantly, flood pulses had no longer significant effects on functional diversity after 4 years. Regarding conservation strategies in regulated systems, flood events should occur every 2 or 3 years, with adequate timing (October‐November), intensity (up to 450 cm) and duration (at least 50 uninterrupted days). Intervals longer than 3 years or inadequate timing, intensity and duration could dramatically decrease functional diversity and compromise ecosystem services.     

Impact of soil water content on maize responses to the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1

Members of the bacterial genus Azospirillum are root-associated bacteria that increase yield in cereals by promoting growth and alleviating drought stress. How plants integrate the many bacterium-derived growth-promoting stimuli with other environmental factors to generate a coordinated response remains unresolved. Using a commercial Azospirillum strain, A. lipoferum CRT1 and two host maize cultivars, it was observed that bacterization reduced the drought-induced increase in lateral root growth and enhanced the flood-induced increase in lateral root growth in the more drought- and flood-sensitive cultivar. In the other one, A. lipoferum CRT1 only elicited a moderate root growth response under low soil water potential. The photosynthetic potential and activity were increased in the earlier cultivar and decreased in the later one, irrespective of the soil water content. No impact of the bacterium was seen on the growth of the leaves of both cultivars under both stresses until the third leaf stage, therefore suggesting that it is a consequence of multiple primary adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is suggested that host–bacteria recognition leads to a stress-specific modulation of the root response and a differential stress-independent effect on photosynthesis. This is the first report of the impact of Azospirillum under flood conditions.     

淮河上游冬小麦生长关键期旱涝灾害阈值研究

利用淮河上游地区1961-2015年13个气象站逐日降水数据,计算冬小麦生长关键期(2、3、4月)1个月尺度及3个月尺度SPI值,结合冬小麦产量数据,确定生长关键期对产量灾损率影响的具体时段,在此基础上分析了降水量变化及旱涝灾害空间分布,建立了SPI值与产量灾损率之间的定量关系。结果表明,(1)生长关键期(SPI3)和4月(SPI1_4)SPI值均与产量灾损率相关性程度高,分别通过0.01和0.05显著性水平检验;2个时段降水量变化整体呈减少趋势,且旱涝灾害空间分布存在一定的差异;(2)当SPI3值和SPI1_4值分别为-2.23和-1.82时,达到决定发生旱灾时产量灾损的阈值;(3)SPI3值和SPI1_4值与产量灾损率相关系数分别为0.94和0.82,在典型涝灾年,SPI值与产量灾损率具有线性关系。     

基于标准化降水指数的西藏昌都市旱涝时空特征

旱涝灾害是昌都市主要自然灾害,了解昌都市旱涝时空分布特征,对减轻该区域旱涝灾害损失、合理利用水资源和生态屏障建设有重要意义。利用1981—2015年昌都市7个气象站的逐月降水数据,采用标准化降水指数(SPI),分析昌都市旱涝变化特征。结果表明:昌都市旱涝变化具有明显的阶段性特征,1981—1995年旱涝交替发生,1996—2004年雨涝频繁,2005年以后以干旱为主;春夏两季降水呈弱增加趋势,春夏旱减少,秋季降水呈弱减少趋势,秋旱增加,冬季则无明显的变化;北部、中部和南部在2002年以前,旱涝存在一致性,2002年后存在较大的差异;20世纪80年代中期旱涝变率最大,旱涝转换频繁,21世纪初早期变率最小,3个区域的旱涝变率总体上与全市相似,2011年以后,南部区域变率较高,旱涝交替频繁。     

Changes in photosynthesis,growth, and sugar content of commercial sugarcane cultivars and Erianthus under flood conditions

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an economical crop in the tropical and subtropical countries. However, because of global climate change, flooding has become problematic, particularly during the rainy season, in Thailand. We investigated the effects of floods on three commercial sugarcane cultivars, namely NiF8, U-thong 6 (UT6), and U-thong 9 (UT9), as well as Erianthus spp. Growth was assessed using a pot experiment in a glasshouse with two treatments: (1) control and (2) 60 d of flooding followed by 30 d of normal conditions. In comparison with control, during prolonged flooding, Erianthus showed greatly decreased CO₂ assimilation, whereas NiF8, UT6, and UT9 showed slightly declined CO₂ assimilation. Growth in plants subjected to 60 d of flooding was less influenced by floods while sucrose content was not affected except in UT6. During flooding, some roots died, resulting in plants compensating adventitious roots to offset the negative effects of root death and to assist them in maintaining their growth, which appeared from the submerged nodes, with different characteristics for each cultivar. However, 30 d after draining, roots remained damaged, while adventitious roots died, resulting in lesser growth as compared with the control, but it did not significantly affect sucrose content and sugar yield. This study suggests that sugarcane plants need to produce the adventitious roots to compensate their roots’ death during flooding and require time to recover their root system after flooding for obtaining the optimum yield and quality at harvest.     

沮漳河下游洪水遭遇地区组成规律

漳河水库由观音寺和鸡公尖两个水库以明槽渠道组成，涉及入库洪水的两个来源，而为下游防洪又涉及到与水库坝址至两河口区间及沮河洪水的组成遭遇。沮漳河为长江的一级支流，对长江防洪安全有一定的影响作用，为了确保水库及其下游防护区的安全，必须研究洪水的地区组成，为防洪错峰及安全调度提供设计依据。通过F检验法及t检验法来进行回归方程及相关系数的检验，证明回归方程是显著的，相关也较密切，可用于生产实际。     

上游有调洪水库的小流域洪水过程计算

为了研究上游有调洪水库的小流域洪水过程，在确定下游河道洪水流量应包括区间洪水流量和水库泄洪流量的基础上，通过将流域洪水的主峰过程概化为且角形变化过程的方法，得出了错峰时间的计算公式，从而，提出了小流域洪水计算的简化方法。     

论龙泉市生态公疬林建设的重要性

回顾水灾给龙泉人民生命财产带来严重为害的教训后，深入分析了龙泉市水灾频发的根本原因－森林生态系统遭受严重破坏，并阐述了建立生态公益林的重要性。     

辽河流域防洪系统综合评价指标体系研究

随着我国许多流域防洪体系建设的逐渐完善和水利部门防洪思路的逐渐改变，对流域防洪系统进行综合评价显得很有必要，而要进行防洪系统综合评价首先要建立评价指标体系。阐述了社会系统、经济系统和防洪系统之间的既相互制约又相互促进的关系，说明三者处于一种动态的协调平衡中；结合三者之间的关系，从辽河流域实际情况出发，考虑资料收集的可行性，以全面而精练为准则，分别建立了社会系统、经济系统和防洪系统指标体系，以期对辽河流域防洪系统进行全面、客观的科学评价。该指标体系结合实际作适当修改可以应用于其他流域的防洪系统评价中。     

水库汛期分期方法研究及其应用

应用矢量统计法和相对频率法，基于年最大值取样以及超定量取样进行汛期分期计算，并与现有的方法进行比较研究。实例应用结果表明，这两种方法均可用于汛期的分期计算中，具有一定的实用价值。