不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究

农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响，设置3个灌水水平：高水、中水和低水（W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm，冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm），4个施氮水平：高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮（N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2），4个施磷水平：高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷（P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2）进行了田间试验。结果表明：不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇，夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）为6805~7233kg/hm2，冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2，夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下，增加灌水量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量（CNPP）提高2.48%~5.96%，土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量（CRm）增加2.15%~15.20%，净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下，增加施肥量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%，土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%，CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%，CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下，氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%，且氮磷肥交互作用显著（P<0.05），水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入，在节水节肥原则下，夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。     

大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓的设计

本研究针对大农户玉米穗储藏的实际情况，研制了大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓，并对其进行了装粮试验。结果表明：该型储粮仓机械性能稳定，结构组装方便，降水、防霉、防鼠效果显著，可有效降低粮食产后损失，保证粮食品质。 [关键词] 粮仓|玉米穗|机械通风     

Glacier mass balance in High Mountain Asia inferred from a GRACE release-6 gravity solution for the period 2002–2016

We provide estimates of glacier mass changes in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) area from April2002 to August 2016 by employing a new version of gravity solutions of the Gravity Recovery and ClimateExperiment (GRACE) twin-satellite mission. We find a total mass loss trend of the HMA glaciers at a rateof –22.17 (±1.96) Gt/a. The largest mass loss rates of –7.02 (±0.94) and –6.73 (±0.78) Gt/a are found forthe glaciers in Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas, respectively. Although most glaciers inthe HMA area show a mass loss, we find a small glacier mass gain of 1.19 (±0.55) and 0.77 (±0.37) Gt/a inKarakoram Mountains and Western Kunlun Mountains, respectively. There is also a nearly zero massbalance in Pamirs. Our estimates of glacier mass change trends confirm previous results from the analysisof altimetry data of the ICESat (ICE, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite) and ASTER (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) satellites inmost of the selected glacier areas. However, they largely differ to previous GRACE-based studies which weattribute to our different post-processing techniques of the newer GRACE data. In addition, we explicitlyshow regional mass change features for both the interannual glacier mass changes and the 14-a averagedseasonal glacier mass changes. These changes can be explained in parts by total net precipitation (netsnowfall and net rainfall) and net snowfall, but mostly by total net radiation energy when compared to datafrom the ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis. Moreover, nearly all the non-trend interannual masschanges and most seasonal mass changes can be explained by the total net radiation energy data. The massloss trends could be partly related to a heat effect due to increased net rainfall in Tianshan Mountains, QilianMountains, Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas. Our new results for the glacier mass changein this study could help improve the understanding of glacier variation in the HMA area and contribute tothe study of global change. They could also serve the utilization of water resources there and in neighboringareas.     

不同施氮水平下灌浆期高温对水稻贮藏蛋白积累及其合成代谢影响

【目的】 揭示不同施氮水平下灌浆结实期高温对稻米贮藏蛋白积累及其组分的影响,明确不同温氮处理组合下稻米贮藏蛋白合成积累过程与籽粒氮代谢关键酶及相关基因表达间关系。 【方法】 以2个主栽常规晚粳品种（秀水134和秀水09）为材料,利用盆栽土培试验,在水稻穗分化期设低氮（每盆0.5 g尿素）和高氮（每盆2.0 g尿素）2个氮水平,继而通过在水稻灌浆结实期的人工气候箱控温试验,设置高温（日均温度30℃,日最高温和最低温分别为34℃和26℃）和常温（日均温度23℃,日最高温和最低温分别为26℃和20℃）,构成低氮-常温（LN-NT）、低氮-高温（LN-HT）、高氮-常温（HN-NT）、高氮-高温（HN-HT）4个处理组合,并结合水稻籽粒灌浆不同时期取样,探讨氮素穗肥对水稻高温灌浆过程贮藏蛋白积累和主要蛋白组分含量影响及其与籽粒氮代谢关键酶及相关基因表达间关系。 【结果】 氮素穗肥和灌浆期高温均会导致稻米粗蛋白相对含量上升,但在高温处理下单位籽粒中粗蛋白的绝对量却呈降低趋势,以13 kD醇溶蛋白亚基组分在高温处理下的下降幅度最大,从而引起籽粒谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白质比值的上升,其原因主要是由于编码水稻13 kD醇溶蛋白合成基因（Pro13, Pro14和Pro17）在高温处理下的下调表达所致。与之相比,增施氮素穗肥（HN-NT和HN-HT）在引起稻米粗蛋白相对含量提升的同时,单位籽粒中的粗蛋白总量、谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均显著增加,但对贮藏蛋白谷/醇比的影响不明显,且谷蛋白组分中的37 kD酸性亚基和22 kD碱性亚基在不同氮处理水平下的相对比例也基本保持稳定;氮素穗肥可增强灌浆籽粒中的谷氨酰胺合酶（GS）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性,但HN-HT处理下的籽粒GS、GOT和GPT活性显著低于HN-NT处理,高温胁迫对水稻灌浆中后期籽粒器官中的氮转运代谢具有抑制作用。此外,在不同氮素水平下,灌浆期高温均可引起稻米整精米率的明显下降和垩白度的显著上升,但HN-HT处理的千粒重、结实率、产量水平、整精米率却高于LN-HT处理,且前者的稻米垩白度显著低于后者,氮素穗肥不足加剧了高温胁迫对千粒重、结实率、整精米率和垩白度等产量和品质性状的负面影响。 【结论】 氮素穗肥对水稻高温灌浆过程贮藏蛋白合成积累起重要调节作用,增施氮素穗肥虽然对水稻籽粒灌浆过程中的谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白质合成具有促进作用,并导致稻米贮藏蛋白相对量与绝对量增加,但对于高温灌浆下13kD醇溶蛋白亚基合成及其组分含量下降具有一定程度的缓解效应,有利于维持贮藏蛋白谷/醇比相对稳定。     

改进颗粒组构力学模型模拟筒仓卸粮成拱细观机理

现有研究表明筒仓卸粮成拱和粮食的内外摩擦密切相关，但现行相关离散元模拟采用单一圆形颗粒，模拟粮食的真实接触面积要小很多，不能客观反映卸粮过程粮食的摩擦情况，也较难还原卸粮成拱现象的细观动态过程。该文针对离散元模拟中圆形颗粒的内摩擦力小于真实粮食内摩擦力的缺陷，在已有PFC离散元程序基础上，添加了黏度系数较大的微型颗粒模拟粉尘，建立了一种改进颗粒组构力学模型，采用几何方法判断圆形颗粒间的接触情况，推导出基本单元间力-位移关系。基于典型事故案例和室内试验成果，采用建立的颗粒组构力学模型模拟了卸粮成拱动态过程中圆形大颗粒间以及圆形小颗粒与仓壁之间的力-位移关系。研究表明在卸粮过程中，切应力在剪切位移达到0.3 mm的过程中，迅速提高，达到最大值切应力的60%，所得的切应力位移图与其应力特征曲线与试验成果基本吻合。以试验结果曲线各点值为标准值，改进后模拟结果曲线值的标准差相比改进前减小37%，说明曲线相似度更高，利用该模型可更加客观反映筒仓卸粮成拱的动态细观机理。该文提出的改进颗粒组构力学模型，不仅可用于模拟卸粮成拱机理模拟，而且对于模拟散颗粒流动特性、散体-仓壁相互作用机理都具有一定借鉴意义。     

农用地整理对碳储量和粮食产能的影响

农用地整理对区域生态系统的空间格局和功能产生的影响需要持续不断的予以关注和调节。该文以福建省建溪流域为例,采用碳储量多源模型和耕地生产潜力模型估算了建溪流域的碳储量和粮食产能,分析了区域尺度农用地整理对碳储量和粮食产能的影响。研究表明:与2010年相比,2016年碳存储总量降低了38.28×10~6 t,为369.29×10~6 t;整理区以1.41%的土地贡献了整个建溪流域1.70%的碳储量减少量,农用地整理对建溪流域生态系统的固碳服务有负作用;2016年建溪流域的粮食产能提高了10.83×10~4t,为124.46×10~4t;农用地整理项目区占建溪流域耕地面积的14.61%,贡献了20.87%的粮食产能提高值,有效提高了建溪流域耕地的粮食产能。农用地整理所产生的碳效应不容忽视,在农用地整理中需要注重生态措施的运用。     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.     

基于点云的谷粒高通量表型信息自动提取技术

在进行水稻的数字化考种、表型与基因关联分析和数字农业仿真模拟时,需要大量的谷粒表型信息作数据支撑。本文提出了一种基于三维点云的谷粒高通量表型信息自动提取方法,能同时自动获取谷粒的三维模型和40个表型参数,实现谷粒形状的定量和定性描述。首先,通过对谷粒点云数据进行聚类分析,完成谷粒点云的分类;其次,实现谷粒的三维重建,对谷粒离散点云进行柱面构网,获取谷粒点云的三维模型数据;最后,根据不同表型参数的特点,实现了谷粒的三维表面积和体积、长、宽、高、3个主成分剖面的周长和面积等11个基本参数与长宽比、长高比和体积比等11个衍生参数以及18个形状因子的自动提取。利用Handyscan 700型手持式激光扫描仪获取的谷粒高精度点云数据进行实验,成功实现了谷粒表型参数的自动提取,测量结果可达毫米级。基于主成分方法分析了各表型参数的权重。以游标卡尺测量值和Geomagic Studio测量值作为真值,长、宽、高的平均相对误差为1.14%、1.15%和1.62%,体积和表面积的相对误差为零,3个主成分剖面面积的平均相对误差为1.82%、2.12%和2.43%。本文方法与人工测量方法及软件测量方法相比,精度相当,且具有批量、自动、人工干预少(仅数据采集阶段需要人工操作)以及效率高的特点。     

冬小麦不同播期对土壤水分及产量的影响

在西北半干旱雨养条件下,以冬小麦‘陇中一号’为材料,研究了不同播期条件下土壤水分、产量差异。结果表明:冬小麦适当迟播可以提高土壤含水量,但在不同播期、小麦的不同生育期土壤含水量也存在差异。从4个不同播期分析,平均土壤含水量为最迟播期(S4,10月11日)的最高;产量以最早播期(S1,9月21日)的最低,9月30日—10月11日之间产量相近。多重比较表明,播种期越迟,土壤含水量越大,播期处理间产量差异不显著,晚播不会造成减产。     

Irrigation and Zn fertilizer management improves Zn phyto‐availability in various rice production systems

Zinc (Zn) is an important micronutrient for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and its deficiency has been observed in various production systems. High grain Zn concentration is equally important for high rice yield and human health. In this work, the effects of Zn fertilization on seedling growth, grain yield, grain Zn concentration, and their association with root traits were studied under alternate wetting and drying (AWD), aerobic rice (AR), system of rice intensification (SRI), and continuous flooding (CF). Zinc fertilization (15 kg ha^?1) improved nursery seedlings chlorophyll and Zn concentrations, root length, and number of roots with highest values observed in CF. At harvesting, maximum plant height, panicle length, total and panicle bearing tillers, and kernel yield were found with Zn addition in AWD and CF rice systems. Mid season drainage provided at maximum tillering and Zn fertilization increased its concentration in leaves, culms, panicles, and grains under CF and AR at physiological maturity. Most of Zn applied was allocated into culms and panicles, nevertheless, a significant increase in grain Zn concentration was also observed in all production systems. Association of leaf Zn with grain Zn concentration was stronger than with culm and panicle Zn. The results indicate that Zn application after rice nursery transplanting is more important for grain Zn enrichment in all rice systems than for increase in grain yield in all systems except AWD where grain yield was also increased. More grain yield in CF and AWD as compared to SRI and AR can also be attributed to decreased spikelet sterility and to better Zn phyto‐availability in these rice systems at physiological maturity.