2000—2015年西南区县域土地利用变化特征及驱动力分析——以重庆市奉节县为例

综合分析重庆市奉节县土地利用格局时空演变及其驱动力,为优化西南区县域尺度的土地利用规划、生态大保护和区域可持续发展提供理论参考和数据支持。基于RS和GIS技术,利用四期（2000、2005、2010和2015年）土地利用基础数据,从土地利用动态模型和地学信息图谱等方面出发,揭示区域2000—2015年的土地利用动态变化特征及时空演变规律。依据主成分分析模型和线性回归分析模型,并基于奉节县社会经济统计数据,探究研究区土地利用驱动机制。研究期内,研究区土地空间格局呈现以林地和耕地为主体,同时交错分布其它土地类型的特点。耕地、草地和未利用地土地面积分别减少 78.84 km²、3.73 km²、2.54 km²,而林地、水域和居民工矿用地面积分别增加23.36 km²、46.67 km²、9.03 km²。受三峡移民影响,区域土地利用分布格局由整体无序向局部有序的方向发展。研究期的前10年间,土地利用类型转移主要发生在林地、草地和耕地之间,林地→耕地和草地的面积总和分别为849.38 km²和425.17 km²;2010—2015年间林地和居民工矿用地新增面积分别为9.93 km²和7.09 km²。从产业结构调整、政策影响和社会发展等方面探究区域城镇化的驱动机制,城镇化因素、政策因素、经济因素、社会发展因素和农业因素是影响奉节县土地利用类型变化的主要驱动力。     

Threats to at-risk salmonids of the Canadian Rocky Mountain region

Trout and charr, members of the salmonid family, have high conservation value but are also susceptible to anthropogenic threats in part due to the specificity of their habitat requirements. Understanding historical and future threats facing these species is necessary to promote their recovery. Of freshwater trout and charr in the Canadian Rocky Mountain region, westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus; a charr species) and Athabasca rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are of conservation concern. And indeed, range contractions and declining populations are evident throughout much of their ranges. Range contraction was most evident in the southern Alberta designatable unit (DU) of westslope cutthroat trout. Diminished populations were also evident in the downstream watersheds of the Alberta bull trout range, and throughout the Athabasca rainbow trout range. We assessed historical and future threats to evaluate the relative importance of individual threats to each DU and compare their impact among species. Individual threats fall into the broad categories of angling, non-native species and genes, habitat loss and alteration, and climate change. Severity of each threat varies by DU and reflects the interaction between species’ biology and the location of the DU. Severity of threats facing each DU has changed over time, reflecting extirpation of native populations, changes in management and industry best practices, expansion of non-native species and progressing climate change. The overall threat impact for each DU indicates a high probability of substantial and continuing declines and calls for immediate action.     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.     

入侵性食叶害虫椰子织蛾的单倍型多样性分析

【目的】分析危害棕榈科Palmae植物的一种重要入侵食叶害虫椰子织蛾Opisina arenosella单倍型在原产地和入侵地的分布特点,揭示椰子织蛾入侵我国的虫源信息。【方法】利用线粒体COI基因分析16个地理种群共计172个样本,比较椰子织蛾印度种群和入侵地(中国、马来西亚和泰国)种群的遗传关系。【结果】片段长度为625 bp的172条序列共鉴定出12个单倍型,包含15个变异位点,构成2个明显的单倍型分支,其中一个分支由11个单倍型(IN1～IN11)组成,均来自印度种群,单倍型IN1是6个印度种群的共享单倍型,IN2～IN11为独享单倍型;另一个分支为单倍型HAP,由来自中国、马来西亚和泰国的种群共享;HAP与11个来自印度的单倍型IN1～IN11均存在4个变异位点。【结论】入侵地区的椰子织蛾种群来自同一基因型或者具有相同的入侵源;椰子织蛾种群入侵后受环境选择压力,在新栖息地产生新的突变或杂交。     

地理探测器与Tobit模型在粤西地区粮食生产效率及影响因子分析中的比较应用

为明晰粤西地区粮食生产效率及其关键影响因子，实现优化资源配置效率和推进粮食生产转型升级，基于1999—2018年粤西地区茂名、阳江、湛江3市粮食生产数据，采用交叉效率DEA模型测算区域粮食生产效率，揭示近20年粮食生产效率的时空变化特征，并利用Tobit模型和地理探测器模型比较分析粮食生产效率的关键影响因子。结果表明：粤西地区粮食生产效率平均值为0.77，其中，茂名市粮食生产效率最高（0.88），阳江市次之（0.78），湛江市最低（0.65）。Tobit模型和地理探测器测算粤西地区粮食生产效率影响力（贡献力）最大的投入因子是农业机械总动力，分别为-1.082和0.942。Tobit模型测得的7个投入因子仅化肥施用量（0.015）与粮食生产效率呈显著正相关，有效灌溉面积、粮食播种面积、农药使用量3个因子与粮食生产效率相关性不显著，农用塑料薄膜使用量、从业人口、农业机械总动力3个因子呈显著负相关。而地理探测器测得所有因子均对粮食生产效率产生显著影响。阳江市投入因子贡献力与粤西地区大致相同，但化肥施用量贡献力高出有效灌溉面积0.008。湛江市与茂名市化肥和农药投入的贡献力仅次于农业机械总动力，有效灌溉面积贡献力均最低。但茂名市粮食播种面积的贡献力依次大于从业人口和农用塑料薄膜使用量，湛江市则相反。研究表明，20年来粤西地区粮食生产效率不高，整体呈中等效率水平，粮食生产效率先降后升的变化趋势显著；地理探测器测度结果无不显著因子存在，探测因子影响力比Tobit模型所得结果更稳定且偏误小；农业机械总动力是影响粤西3市粮食生产效率的主导因子，但不同城市粮食生产效率的因子贡献力差异较大，湛江和茂名对化肥、农药等污染较大的生产要素依赖性更强。     

Whistle signal variations among three Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin populations in the South China Sea: a combined effect of the Qiongzhou Strait's geographical barrier function and local ambient noise?

Geographic variations in the dolphin whistles could be useful in assessing association and isolation among populations. Whistle of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) among the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), Leizhou Bei (LZB) and Sanniang Bay (SNB) populations were investigated. A total of 2850 whistles with legible fundamental contour were extracted and 15 acoustic parameters were measured. Contrary to SNB, PRE and LZB had the same relative proportion of tonal type compositions with flat and sine representing the most frequent types. The generalized linear model analysis showed significant acoustic difference among populations and tonal types. All frequency parameters in SNB were significantly higher than those in PRE and LZB, where no significant variation was observed in most of the parameters either at the population level or within each tonal type. Canonical discriminant functions analysis showed a smaller difference between PRE and LZB than between PRE and SNB and between LZB and SNB. Compared with previous recordings, recent recordings demonstrated a consistent pattern of becoming higher in whistle frequency parameters in both LZB and SNB populations, suggesting that noise pollution in LZB and SNB increasing with time according to the acoustic niche hypothesis. Dolphin whistle's geographic variations could be shaped by the combined function of the geographical barrier function of the Qiongzhou strait and local ambient noise. Considering the isolated condition and the relatively smaller population size of the humpback dolphin in the SNB, more effective and proactive conservation actions should be taken to prevent the extinction of small populations.     

GIS空间分析技术在苜蓿叶面积测定中的应用

借助数码相机获取苜蓿叶片和参照物图像,经R2V矢量化后利用GIS空间分析技术提取其面积和周长等特征信息。结果表明,参照物周长、面积提取值和实际值之间的平均相对误差仅为0.55%和1.08%,远小于叶面积仪器的测量误差(5%~15%),说明GIS空间分析技术应用于苜蓿叶面积测定是切实可行的;作为GIS应用的一个拓展,其强大的数据处理功能可一次性自动输出大量苜蓿叶片的单叶周长、单叶面积、叶片数等多项信息,因此与其他叶面积测定方法相比,GIS空间分析技术测定叶面积具有精确、简捷、数据处理量大、额外投资小等优点,适用于在科研领域和生产上推广使用。     

One hundred years of population ecology: Successes,failures and the road ahead

Population ecology is the most mature of the three subdisciplines of ecology partly because it has a solid mathematical foundation and partly because it can address the primary questions of distribution and abundance with experimental protocols. Yet there is much left to do to integrate our population knowledge into community and ecosystem ecology to help address the global issues of food security and the conservation of biodiversity. Many different approaches are now being developed to bring about this integration and much more research will be necessary to decide which if any will be most useful in achieving our goals of explaining the changes we see in the distribution and abundance of animals and plants. Food web ecology would appear to be the best approach at present because it uses the detailed information of the population ecology of particular species in combination with data on consumer–resource interactions to apply to the applied problems of biodiversity conservation, food security, pest management and disease prevention. If we can use our understanding of population ecology to address the practical problems of our time in a creative way, we will benefit both the human population and the Earth's biodiversity. Much remains to be done.     

First record of autochthonous canine ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis in Romania

This case study describes the first genetically confirmed and clinically manifested autochthonous Ehrlichia canis infection in a 9‐year‐old female mixed‐breed dog from Romania. Health screening of the dog included clinical examination, evaluation of stained peripheral blood smear and hematologic variables, as well as serologic testing and molecular analysis. Clinical signs included fever, apathy, dehydration, pale mucous membranes, and weakness. The microscopic examination of the blood smear and immunologic assays for Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and E canis antibodies, and for Dirofilaria immitis antigen yielded negative results. Hematologic abnormalities included moderate nonregenerative anemia, leucopenia with neutropenia, and moderate thrombocytopenia. The biochemical abnormalities identified were hypoalbuminemia, and mildly increased serum enzyme activities of AST and ALT. In addition, increased urea and creatinine levels associated with low urine specific gravity and proteinuria were also present. Nested PCR amplification of the partial E canis 16S rRNA gene demonstrated the presence of this rickettsial pathogen in the dog's blood, which subsequently was confirmed through sequencing based on the 100% homology with GenBank deposited E canis isolates. After specific treatment with doxycycline (10 mg/kg, orally, SID) for one month, the proteinuria, and hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities with the exception of mild azotemia resolved. This report supports the geographical expansion of canine ehrlichiosis caused by E canis in nonendemic regions of Europe.     

佳芦河流域水土保持监测及土壤侵蚀评价

以佳芦河流域分辨率为0.38 m的航摄影像和5 m的DEM等为信息源,基于ArcGIS平台,获取了流域水土保持措施、土地利用、植被覆盖度、坡度、沟壑烈度等土壤侵蚀影响因子,依据《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(SL 190—2007),对各因子进行叠加分析,对水蚀、风蚀区等不同侵蚀类型的土壤侵蚀强度进行了分析评价。结果表明,截至2012年9月,佳芦河流域有水土流失面积1068.89 km 2,占流域面积的94.26%,其中轻度、中度、强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀面积分别为118.69、206.35、126.29、75.08、542.48 km 2;强烈及以上侵蚀面积占到水土流失面积的69.59%,其中强烈和极强烈侵蚀多发生在风蚀区,而剧烈侵蚀主要发生在水蚀区的沟道中。