制霉菌素对褐飞虱若虫解毒酶、尿酸酶含量的影响

【目的】为明确取食制霉菌素处理的水稻对褐飞虱[Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)]相关生理指标的影响,【方法】以不同浓度制霉菌素处理的水稻饲养褐飞虱,检测虫体内相关解毒酶含量与活性以及尿酸酶基因相对含量的变化。【结果】结果显示,取食制霉菌素处理的水稻,褐飞虱体内芳香基酰胺酶(aromatic amidase,AAD)含量前期下降,后期抑制作用逐渐消失,酶含量回升;虫体内O-脱乙基酶(O-deethyl enzyme,ODEE)含量在72 h的处理时长内显著低于对照;羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)的活性在不同浓度制霉菌素的处理下呈现不同的动态变化,高浓度制霉菌素(600 U/mL)处理的褐飞虱种群体内的CarE和GST的活性在处理时间段内均呈现诱导-抑制-诱导的现象,而中(300 U/mL)、低浓度(150 U/mL)处理种群中两种酶则随着处理时间的延长呈上升趋势。取食不同浓度制霉菌素处理水稻的褐飞虱种群体内类酵母共生菌尿酸酶基因在24 h、48 h之后与对照相比均无显著差异。取食48 h后,包括对照在内的4个处理尿酸酶基因相对转录水平均有下调趋势,当处理时长达72 h时,尿酸酶基因相对转录水平呈现上调趋势,但取食不同浓度制霉菌素处理水稻的褐飞虱种群体内含量显著低于对照。【结论】取食不同浓度制霉菌素处理的水稻对褐飞虱3龄若虫的4种主要的解毒酶具有不同的影响;制霉菌素处理可通过减少类酵母共生菌数量从而降低尿酸酶的含量。     

Nutrient release pattern of organic and inorganic resources used in cassava production (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The major constraint in the promotion of organic farming, a safe and sustainable alternative, is lack of availability of quality organic resources in sufficient quantities. The quality of resources can be ascertained by monitoring its nutrient release pattern, which has not yet been attempted. A controlled condition pot experiment was conducted at ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India, in completely randomized design to study the nutrient dynamics of various organic and inorganic resources, commonly used in cassava production, at monthly intervals up to six months. The release of almost all nutrients and activity of soil enzymes were higher at the middle (3 or 4?months) of the incubation period. The pH showed an increasing trend and electrical conductivity, organic C and Fe content declined from initial. Averaging over stages, organic practice favored the activity of soil enzymes and release of almost all nutrients over conventional system significantly, except N.     

草地灌丛化土壤碳氮地球化学循环

灌丛化(shrub encroachment)是全球陆地生态系统重要的生态现象之一,是影响草地碳库的重要过程。灌丛化由全球气候变化、降雨、火烧和生物活动等多因素共同作用形成,对区域环境、气候、土壤性质和碳循环影响显著。目前灌丛化对生态系统的影响仍存在分歧,表现在不同气候和降雨梯度下灌丛化后土壤有机碳/氮储量、养分循环和土壤温室气体排放等差异。本文总结和归纳了灌丛化形成与控制因素、灌丛化对团聚体稳定性、酶活性和土壤碳、氮循环的影响。灌丛化改变了土壤团聚体稳定性和酶活性,进而影响土壤呼吸以及土壤生源物质的存储、分解和循环,这将显著影响区域乃至全球气候变化。因此分析提出,今后应进一步加强对灌丛化形成过程长期的定位观察研究,以便了解灌丛化的可控因素,并加强对灌丛化后土壤有机碳库、土壤团聚体稳定性变化对碳氮循环进程和全球气候变化的影响研究。     

一种安全有效提高虹鳟苗种成活率的技术

为安全有效地提高虹鳟苗种成活率,应用1种生物制剂——抗菌肽对虹鳟苗种进行浸泡处理。通过比较苗种成活率,检测SOD、ALP、CAT、IL、IFN、TNF等6种免疫相关酶表达量,采用扫描电镜检测苗种体表细菌情况,确定抗菌肽浸泡对虹鳟成活率的影响。试验结果显示,自破膜期开始,用40%抗菌肽浸泡10次,试验组6种免疫相关酶表达量明显高于对照组,试验组苗种的成活率高达95%以上,对照组苗种的成活率则低于30%。电镜观察结果显示,试验组仔鱼体表细菌数量显著减少。试验结果表明,用抗菌肽浸泡法能显著提高虹鳟苗种成活率。     

LED补光对水稻秧苗素质及其生理特征和产量的影响

采用发光二极管(light-emitting diode,LED)精确调制光谱能量,研究不同光质对水稻秧苗素质(株高、根长和鲜干重)和生理特征(内源激素、抗氧化酶、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛)的影响,探讨生理特征与秧苗素质和补光移栽后产量的耦合关系。水稻秧苗分别在5种光质下进行补光照射:R (100%红光),B (100%蓝光),RB (80%红光+20%蓝光)RBG_12.5(62.5%红光+25%蓝光+12.5%绿光),RBG₂₅(50%红光+25%蓝光+25%绿光),光量子通量均为1 000μmol·m^-2·s^-1,照射30 d (6 h/d)后采样,并插秧至稻田,以无补光作为对照(CK)。与CK相比,LED补充光源显著(P<0.05)影响水稻秧苗的株高、根长和鲜干重。株高和地上部分干重最大值分别出现在R和RBG_12.5处理,而根长和地下部分干重的最大值均出现在RBG_12.5处理。LED补充光源对内源激素、抗氧化酶、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛的影响程度因光质和植物部位而异。与CK相比,RBG_12.5二显著(P<0.05)提高地上部生长素(IAA)含量和可溶性蛋白含量,B显著(P<0.05)提高地上部超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;RBG_12.5和RBG₂₅显著(P<0.05)提高地下部IAA含量,RBC₂₅显著(P<0.05)提高地下部可溶性蛋白含量和MDA含量。补光移栽后水稻产量的变化趋势与光质对水稻秧苗壮苗指数的影响趋势一致:RBG_12.5> RBG25> RB> B> R> CK。逐步回归分析发现,壮苗指数与地上部赤霉素(GA_3)含量和IAA含量及地下部IAA含量和SOD活性显著正相关;补光移栽后产量与秧苗地上部IAA含量及地下部IAA含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著正相关。LED补充光源通过调节水稻秧苗生理特征影响其素质,且影响效应延续至水稻成熟期。RBG_12.5光源更利于培育水稻壮苗和水稻增产,适宜用作工厂化育秧的补充光源。     

Efficacy of N2O2 donor schiff bases and their Zn2+ complexes on various morphological and biochemical parameters of Cicer arietinum L.

Schiff-base polydentate ligands types of salen and salophen can form stable complexes with Zn²⁺ and these metal complexes can act as a source of zinc (Zn) to plant's body if they are used as micronutrient supplements. Inspired by these facts, four different Schiff-base ligands and their Zn²⁺ complexes were first synthesized and then characterized by different analytical and spectroscopic techniques. To investigate their effects local chickpea seeds were treated with each ligands and complexes and different morphological and biochemical parameters were monitored. Among all the complexes and ligands it was found that the C4 complex, that is, [N,N'-(o-phenylene)bis-(3-methoxysalicylidenediamine)] monohydrate showed the maximum efficacy when treated as a micronutrient supplement for Cicer arietinum L. So that these complexes especially the C4 can act as an potential source of Zn.     

Microbial Degradation of Organophosphate Pesticides: A Review

Pesticides have become an inevitable part of the modern environment as they are widely used in agriculture,household,and public health sectors and,hence,are extensively distributed throughout most ecosystems.Currently,organophosphate pesticides are the most commercially favored group of pesticides,with large application areas all over the world.Depending on their fate,these organophosphorus compounds may become bioavailable for microbial degradation.Environmental microbes,such as Aspergillus,Pseudomonas,Chlorella,and Arthrobacter,are capable of coupling a variety of physical and biochemical mechanisms for the degradation of organophosphate pesticides,including adsorption,hydrolysis of P–O alkyl and aryl bonds,photodegradation,and enzymatic mineralization.Enzymes,such as esterase,diisopropyl fluorophosphatase,phosphotriesterase,somanase,parathion hydrolase,and paraoxonase,have been isolated from microbes to study and understand the catabolic pathways involved in the biotransformation of these xenobiotic compounds.This review highlights various aspects of biodegradation of organophosphate pesticides along with biological and molecular characterization of some organophosphate pesticide-degrading bacteria.     

外源NO及反向调控PEG胁迫下苜蓿萌发种子抗氧化酶及其同工酶动态的研究

以紫花苜蓿为材料,用一氧化氮供体硝普钠(SNP)及一氧化氮清除剂c-PTIO对苜蓿种子进行浸种处理,采用分光光度法和同工酶电泳技术来研究外源NO及反向调控对PEG胁迫下紫花苜蓿抗氧化酶活性及其同工酶的影响,并探讨NO调控苜蓿种子耐旱性的生理机制。结果表明:PEG胁迫下外施0.1 mmol·L^-1 SNP,第6天时较PEG处理POD活性降低了32.72%;第4天时SOD、CAT活性较PEG处理升高了10.48%、23.60%,有效缓解了PEG对紫花苜蓿萌发中种子的氧化损伤,提高其抗氧化能力。PEG胁迫下添加 c-PTIO抑制了苜蓿萌发期的抗氧化系统活性。从同工酶的谱带数量和强弱来看,POD同工酶各区带活力均随PEG胁迫时间的延长而增加,在第2天酶带只有1条,而第4天酶带呈现9条;SOD和CAT同工酶表达量变化不显著,但酶带强弱有一定变化,S3酶带随处理时间的延长表达量逐渐减弱;CAT同工酶谱带则一直保持2条带,无明显强弱变化。因此,外源NO在PEG胁迫下紫花苜蓿萌发中抗氧化酶快速响应并在维护氧自由基代谢平衡中起重要保护作用。     

Cross‐effects of dietary probiotic supplementation and rearing temperature on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities,cumulative mortality and innate immune response in seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Probiotic influence on fish immune response and digestive capacity is extensively discussed in aquaculture. In this experiment, a feeding trial was carried out for 100 days to evaluate the cross‐effects of probiotic supplementation and rearing temperature (17, 20 and 23°C) in juvenile seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The experimental diet was supplemented with a commercial probiotic blend (Biomin AquaStar Growout) at 3 g/kg diet (5.23 × 10⁸ CFU/kg diet), and tested against a non‐supplemented diet (control). Growth performance and innate immune responses were analysed at 70 and 100 days of feeding, whereas digestive enzyme activities were determined at 100 days of feeding. At the end of the feeding trial, fish were subjected to a handling stress and cumulative mortality was recorded. Digestive enzyme activities were influenced by temperature, with α‐amylase and lipase activities peaking at the higher temperature (23°C) and trypsin at the lower temperature (17°C). Immune parameters showed a significant temperature versus feeding duration effect, with complement system (ACH50) and peroxidase peaking at 70 and 100 days of feeding, respectively. Poststress cumulative mortality was higher at the lowest temperature (17°C), especially in fish fed the control diet. In conclusion, water temperature was the main variable affecting the studied parameters, whereas the dietary probiotic supplementation had influence on the chymotrypsin activity and survival rate in seabass reared at 17°C.     

全籽粒大豆制备油豆腐工艺参数优化

油豆腐是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品,为了提高原料利用率和产品功能性,该试验以全豆为原料,研究新型全籽粒油豆腐的制备工艺。首先研究并优化了纤维素酶酶解豆浆工艺,以还原糖浓度为指标,建立了优化工艺的Box-Behnken模型。其次,以感官评价为标准,研究油炸工艺对全籽粒油豆腐色泽、含油率和硬度的影响,最后,对全籽粒油豆腐的成分进行了测定。结果表明:最佳酶解条件为加酶量0.53%、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间160 min,在此条件下还原糖浓度约为2.9433 mg/m L;在油炸温度为170℃,油炸时间为4 min时,全籽粒油豆腐的感官品质最好(感官评价95分),在此条件下制得的全籽粒油豆腐的白度L*值为60.22,红度a*值为10.85,黄度b*值为37.80,含油率为15.6%,硬度为2 972 g。与传统豆腐相比,全籽粒豆腐和全籽粒油豆腐中总黄酮和总酚等生物活性成分含量均有提高,总黄酮质量分数分别提高14.53%和7.93%,总酚质量分数分别提高18.95%和82.11%。