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1.
间歇灌溉对稻田毒死蜱迁移转化特征的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
间歇灌溉作为丘陵区稻田常见的灌溉方式之一,其强烈的干湿交替过程会影响稻田中污染物的环境行为。在室内批量平衡吸附试验的基础上,通过农药野外喷施试验与动态观测,研究了间歇淹水和持续淹水条件下石灰性紫色土发育的稻田中毒死蜱的迁移转化特征。结果表明,土壤对毒死蜱的吸附能力远远强于其对毒死蜱主要降解产物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(3,5,6-TCP)的吸附能力,毒死蜱的吸附容量常数范围为34~170,TCP的吸附容量常数范围为0.62~0.67,且对毒死蜱和TCP的吸附容量常数及分配系数均以耕作层土壤高于非耕作层土壤;施药后田面水中毒死蜱及TCP的浓度均随时间迅速下降,两者均可通过土壤大孔隙优先流快速迁移至50cm深处;间歇灌溉处理稻田土壤孔隙水中两者的浓度总体低于持续淹水处理;降雨和灌溉事件会导致两者由土壤固相迅速向水相发生短时间、高浓度释放与淋失。  相似文献   
2.
【目的】分析渭河平原旱涝灾害的演变特征及趋势,为区域防灾减灾措施的制定提供依据。【方法】基于旱涝灾害史料,重建渭河平原2 205年(BC193-AD2012年)的旱涝灾害等级序列,通过绘制旱涝灾害等级图谱,统计不同时间段灾害的分布及持续性规律,并利用累积距平法、滑动T检验法结合小波分析法探究旱涝灾害的阶段性和周期性特征。【结果】2 205年内渭河平原共有796年发生了各类洪涝灾害,旱灾发生总频次为480年,高于涝灾的316年,且旱涝交替现象明显,但近200年旱灾的发生频率有所下降,涝灾则呈上升趋势;2 205年中连旱灾害发生总频率高于连涝灾害,但连涝灾害的发生频率在近300年有增强趋势;旱涝灾害序列可划分为2个干旱期和2个洪涝期,且干旱期的最长持续时间为997年,远高于洪涝期的484年;旱涝灾害在全时间尺度上,存在24年、67~76年、92年和178~198年的显著周期。【结论】渭河平原2 205年的历史中,旱涝灾害发生频繁,且旱涝灾害序列具有明显的阶段性和周期性。  相似文献   
3.
基于信息扩散理论的中国粮食主产区水旱灾害风险评估   总被引:18,自引:3,他引:15  
水旱灾害频发是影响中国粮食安全供给的主要制约因素。该文基于信息扩散理论的风险分析模型,根据1986-2008年期间检索得到的共享数据平台资料,对中国13个粮食主产省(区)的水旱灾害开展风险评估,综合对比分析粮食主产区的水旱灾害风险状况及其空间分布特点。结果表明,中国13个粮食主产省份面临的水旱灾害风险压力均较大,且旱灾风险要大于水灾风险。粮食主产区的水灾风险空间分布格局为南部长江中下游省份多以中度风险为主,东北部和中部黄淮海地区主要为低风险区,而旱灾风险则是东北部和中部黄淮海地区以高、中风险为主,南部长江中下游省份的风险相对较低。  相似文献   
4.
Abstract – The links between river flows, water temperature, river regulation and recruitment variability of Golden Perch, Macquaria ambigua oriens, were investigated from the Fitzroy Basin, Queensland. The dominant age classes determined by interpreting growth marks observed in otoliths were variable among rivers. Positive correlations between the age frequency and monthly river flow volumes were greatest in summer (December–March) conversely, autumn, winter and spring river flows correlated poorly for most rivers. Water temperature exhibits strong seasonality across the basin with mean monthly temperatures >23 °C generally occurring between October and April. These data indicate the combination of water temperature and increased river flows are important factors for recruitment. The degree of river regulation is also suspected of contributing to increased variability in dominant age classes within rivers. This assessment highlights the importance of timing of river flows in mitigating the negative effects of river regulation on golden perch populations.  相似文献   
5.
Abstract  The effects of an extreme flash flood on the native fish assemblages across a Mediterranean catchment in Southwest Portugal were investigated. The fish community structure and habitat were surveyed at 10 sites pre- and post-flood. Overall species richness and rank abundances changed little after the flood, despite there being a consistent decline in the abundance of small cyprinids. Pre- and post-flood habitat correlates of abundance changed for at least some species, and variability in assemblage structure was associated with flood, depth and pH. These results indicate that extreme floods occurring early in the wet season may have little disruptive effects on the overall structure of native fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams, although may at least partially influence population dynamics for some species. Habitat quality and complexity are likely to play a role in mediating species responses to flooding.  相似文献   
6.
南方灌区工程水毁的特点、原因和修复对策   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
1998年的特大洪水给湖南、湖北等省的灌区工程造成严重毁坏,其中以渠道、渠系建筑物和圩堤工程水毁最为严重。除了暴雨超常、洪水组合恶劣等自然因素之外,渠道防洪设施缺乏、圩区盲目垦殖、工程建设标准偏低、设计不当、施工控制不严是造成灌区工程水毁的几个主要原因,也是水毁工程修复和重建过程中应引起重视的几个问题。  相似文献   
7.
Floods and droughts are key driving forces shaping aquatic ecosystems. Climate change may alter key attributes of these events and consequently health and distribution of aquatic species. Improved knowledge of biological responses to different types of floods and droughts in rivers should allow the better prediction of the ecological consequences of climate change‐induced flow alterations. This review highlights that in unmodified ecosystems, the intensity and direction of biological impacts of floods and droughts vary, but the overall consequence is an increase in biological diversity and ecosystem health. To predict the impact of climate change, metrics that allow the quantitative linking of physical disturbance attributes to the directions and intensities of biological impacts are needed. The link between habitat change and the character of biological response is provided by the frequency of occurrence of the river wave characteristic—that is the event's predictability. The severity of impacts of floods is largely related to the river wave amplitude (flood magnitude), while the impact of droughts is related to river wavelength (drought duration).  相似文献   
8.
以新疆华能克拉玛依热电联产工程为研究对象,通过历史实测资料及近期实地调查资料,进行洪水影响评价分析计算,结合小流域设计洪水及蓄洪区洪水位分析计算结果综合评价非防洪建设项目时防洪可能产生的影响和洪水对非防洪建设项目可能产生的影响,并提出评价意见和防御措施.  相似文献   
9.
We investigated juvenile brown trout migration and mortality in a headwater tributary of the Motueka River, New Zealand, by tracking 1000 young‐of‐the‐year passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged fish over autumn to summer to (i) partition total loss into emigration and mortality and (ii) determine the influence of season and flow on emigration. Fish were tracked using mobile and fixed PIT tag readers. Of the 1000 fish tagged, 173 remained within the Rainy River; emigration contributed 60% and mortality 29% to loss. Only 11% of fish tagged in autumn were predicted to remain in the upper reaches of the stream by early summer, and this agreed with density data collected in a parallel study. We identified a two‐phase downstream migration pattern with early movement of large young‐of‐the‐year fish in autumn (mainly during floods). This was followed by another substantial period of movement in spring (during floods and lower flows) by fish that were initially smaller at the time of PIT tagging. The management implications for damming and fish screening in headwater tributaries are discussed.  相似文献   
10.
基于环境减灾卫星CCD数据的海南岛洪涝灾害监测   总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1  
洪涝灾害监测是农情监测的主要任务之一,遥感监测可以弥补地面观测耗人、耗财、信息滞后等诸多不足,已成为洪涝灾害研究领域的重要发展方向。该文基于HJ-1A/1B-CCD数据,以海南岛为研究区,选取研究区内400个训练样本,利用区分度(division degree,DD)对归一化差异水体指数(normalized difference water index, NDWI)、基于蓝光的归一化差异水体指数(normalized difference water index based on blue light, NDWI-B)和混合水体指数(combined index of NDVI and NIR for water body identification, CIWI)3种水体指数进行比较分析。分析结果显示,在应用HJ-1CCD数据进行纯水体、湿地识别时,NDWI-B模型效果最好(综合区分度分别为31.30%、28.13%),是海南岛洪涝灾害监测的最优模型。经验证,NDWI-B模型的水体识别总体精度达91.50%。通过对采样点的水体指数值与地物类型的反复对比确定NDWI-B模型的水体识别阈值为-0.015。利用NDWI-B模型对海南岛2010年9月25日至10月25日的洪涝灾情进行监测。结果表明,10月12日的灾情最为严重,全岛洪水淹没面积达到监测期内最高值,为120.22km2,除东方、昌江、乐东外所有市县均出现新增水体,新增水体主要分布于村庄、耕地、道路、城镇居民地等。从区域上看,东部的文昌、琼海、海口、定安为洪涝重灾区,西部的东方、昌江、乐东为洪涝轻灾区。全岛洪涝影响最大的土地利用类型为水田,其次为旱地。10月12日,水田、旱地的淹没面积分别为61.46和29.59 km2,耕地(水田和旱地)淹没面积占总淹没面积的比例分别为75.73%。NDWI-B模型具有水陆区分度较大和水体面积提取精度较高的优点外,还能够识别小范围水体和湿地,是海南岛洪涝灾害监测较为理想的模型。该文为海南岛水资源管理、洪涝灾害动态监测及防灾减灾提供参考。  相似文献   
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