内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原固碳量及固碳潜力估算

为了评价不同放牧强度对草原固碳量及固碳潜力的影响，本研究采用系统动力学建模方法耦合CASA光合利用率模型、Shiyomi放牧模型、Raich土壤呼吸模型等模型，建立了基于系统动力学库-流思路的碳循环模型，该模型包含3个子系统、4个碳库。结果表明：1998至2015年，在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的温度降低、降水量增加的背景下，净初级生产力呈现升高的趋势，典型草原土壤固碳量呈现下降趋势；放牧强度在3羊·公顷^-1下净生态系统初级生产力最低，固碳潜力最大，分别为-16.2 gC·m^-2和24.84 TgC。因此，建议内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原西部（阿巴嘎旗、那仁宝力格站）的放牧强度不宜超过1.5羊·公顷^-1；东部（多伦县、东乌珠穆沁、西乌珠穆沁、锡林浩特站）不宜超过4.5羊·公顷^-1。     

胶东铁路弃土弃渣体产流产沙特征

通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究降雨强度和坡度对胶东铁路弃土弃渣体产流产沙的影响。根据青荣铁路沿线降雨和弃土弃渣体堆积特点,设计3种雨强(20,40,60mm/h)和3个坡度(20°,30°,40°)。结果表明:(1)当降雨强度由20mm/h增加到60mm/h,产流开始时间可缩短11~20s;当坡度由20°变化到40°,产流开始时间可提前17~22s。(2)径流量、产沙率在降雨初期剧增到峰值,之后径流量逐渐趋于稳定,而产沙率波动减小后逐渐趋于稳定。(3)相同坡度条件下,雨强40 mm/h下的径流量较20 mm/h时增加37.3%~122.6%,产沙率约为20mm/h时的1.5~19.5倍;而雨强60mm/h下的径流量较40mm/h时仅增加19.1%~26.7%,产沙率仅为40mm/h时的62.5%~151.8%。(4)相同雨强条件下,坡度对径流量、产沙率的影响存在临界坡度(30°~40°),径流量、产沙率随坡度的增大先增加后减小。(5)弃土弃渣体坡度为30°时坡度对坡面侵蚀量的贡献率大于雨强贡献率;而40°时雨强贡献率明显超过坡度。研究结果可为胶东半岛区域铁路项目建设期间弃土弃渣体的水土流失监测及防治提供技术支撑。     

耕地利用强度评价方法的县域休耕适用性——以曲周县为例

为研究耕地利用强度评价方法的县域休耕适用性,以曲周县为例,对比基于种植强度、农业投入产出、土地集约利用、土地利用时序性的4种耕地利用强度评价体系。结果表明:1)基于土地利用时序性和基于投入产出的耕地利用强度评价方法对曲周休耕的适用性较好,可从宏观层面辅助区域休耕决策;2)基于种植强度和基于土地集约利用的耕地利用强度评价结果与曲周县耕地利用特征较为不符,不宜应用于曲周县休耕。4种评价方法均是对区域耕地利用强度的宏观评价,若从微观层面评价耕地利用强度,制定具体休耕措施需引入地块尺度的区分不同耕作方式的指标。     

Effects of AG1 and AG2 QTLs on Nonstructural Carbohydrate and Seed Management Options for Rice Seedling Growth and Establishment under Flooding Stress

Rice (Oryza sativa) plants acquired excess photosynthates in the form of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in their stems and grain. Despite keen interest in rice NSC, the dynamics of NSC accumulation, translocation and re-accumulation have not yet been well investigated. AG1 and AG2 QTLs associated with flooding tolerance through catalyzing starch into soluble sugar in germinating seeds. Here we conducted three experiments, greenhouse and field to lay the groundwork for large-scale diversity studies on grain NSC and some agronomic traits under direct-seeded rice (DSR) system, using elite lines incorporating AG1, AG2 and AG1-AG2 QTLs into the popular varieties PSB Rc82 and Ciherang-Sub1 along with the donors Kho Hlan On (AG1) and Ma-Zhan Red (AG2). In germinating seedlings, soluble sugars increased, while starch concentration decreased gradually especially in the tolerant checks and AG1-AG2 introgression lines under flooded soil. Soluble sugar accumulation in stem started to increase from the vegetative stage and peaked at the panicle initiation stage then gradually decreased towards the maturity stage. But Sub1-AG lines had higher sugar and starch concentrations at different growth stages than other genotypes in wet season 2016 and dry season 2017. Plant survival rate was positively correlated with the stem NSC at the early vegetative stage (21 days after sowing), and stem NSC was positively associated with plant height at different growth stages. Among the tested seeding rate, the most suitable seeding rate, 4 g/m² with shallow burial depth (0.5 cm), resulted in better seedling establishment, relatively higher seedling vigor index and higher leaf area index under flooding in DSR system. Introgression of AG1-AG2 QTLs had no any negative impact on nonstructural carbohydrate, germination rate, and growth and biomass production.     

Prevalence,intensity and histopathology of Zeylanicobdella arugamensis infestation on groupers reared on different aquaculture systems

The marine leech, Zeylanicobdella arugamensis, is a major threat to aquaculture in grouper-producing countries including Indonesia. This study aimed at investigating prevalence, intensity and histopathology of the ectoparasite in humpback and hybrid groupers cultured in different rearing systems. A total of 260 groupers (60 humpback groupers and 200 hybrid groupers) were used for samples. The marine leech was observed on skin, fins, gills and mouth, followed by histopathological assay on the skin tissue. The results showed that prevalence of the leech in both groupers was higher when they were cultured in the floating net cages compared with the hatchery, p < .05. Furthermore, humpback grouper had a higher prevalence than hybrid grouper when they were cultured in a similar system, p < .05. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in intensity between the two groupers, p > .05. Within the hybrid groupers, the highest prevalence was obtained from hybrid groupers reared in the earthen ponds. Histopathological studies showed that the infected groupers exhibited inflammation, congestion and erosion of the epidermis layer. Hybrid grouper had more severe histopathological lesions in the skin tissues. These results suggested that species and type of aquaculture system had significantly determined the prevalence, intensity and severity of lesion in Z. arugamensis infestation.     

1976—2017年青海湖东北部地区极端降水事件变化特征分析

为进一步了解高寒牧区气候变化,依据1976—2017年青海湖东北部海晏站逐日降水资料,采用百分位法确定冬、夏半年极端降雨（雪）阈值并统计极端降水事件,运用线性趋势、R/S和小波分析法分析极端降水事件变化特征、未来演变趋势及周期。结果表明：青海湖东北部地区冬、夏半年极端降水日数和极端降水量呈不显著增加趋势;冬半年极端降水强度和日最大降水量不显著增加,而夏半年不显著减小;极端降水对年降水的贡献率均以不同的速率增加,其中夏半年的极端降水对年降水的影响较大;冬半年降水日数不显著减小,而降水量显著增加,表明冬半年发生短时强降水的几率增大,夏半年的降水日数和降水量增加不明显;未来,冬半年极端降水日数增加趋势将发生转变,极端降水量与之前的变化趋势无关将继续呈现震荡性,其他各要素将持续前期的变化趋势;冬（夏）半年极端降水日数和降水量分别存在明显的周期变化特征。高寒牧区的极端降水研究对于预防短时强降水带来的雪灾、洪涝事件的发生意义重大。     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

根施5-氨基乙酰丙酸对亚适宜温光下黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

为缓解亚适宜温光环境对黄瓜幼苗生长产生的不利影响,以中农26号为试验材料,研究亚适宜温光下根施不同浓度5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对黄瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,亚适宜温光下,根施5 mg·L^-1 ALA可以显著提高黄瓜幼苗的全株干重、壮苗指数和根系活力,与对照相比,黄瓜幼苗全株干重和壮苗指数分别提高了32.5%和47.1%,根系活力提高了95.0%。根施5 mg·L^-1 ALA能够显著增加幼苗叶片叶绿素和ALA含量,与对照相比,总叶绿素和ALA的含量分别提高了49.5%和55.7%。根施5 mg·L^-1 ALA黄瓜幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)分别较对照提高了22.9%和42.2%。根施5 mg·L^-1ALA后,抗氧化酶活性显著提高,叶片和根系的丙二醛(MDA)含量分别比对照降低了35.3%和18.1%。同时,根施适宜浓度的ALA对矿质元素的吸收和运输产生有一定影响,但对叶绿素合成过程中相关基因的表达无明显调控作用。本研究为缓解黄瓜幼苗亚适宜温光伤害提供了新方法,也为ALA在设施农业上的应用提供了技术支持。     

漯河市规划区雨洪格局空间分布特征综合量化研究

[目的]探索城市雨洪格局空间分布规律,为海绵城市建设提供参考。[方法]建立GIS数据库,ArcGIS空间模拟与SCS-CN,SWMM模型相结合,定量分析20a重现期和2h,85.43mm降雨,漯河规划区产流和积水分布特征。[结果]研究区径流量和径流系数(相等)、径流体积、峰值流量、积水区域的自相关Moran's I系数分别为0.338(p0.001),0.142(p0.001),0.101(p0.001),0.918(p0.001),表明产流与积水分布均呈现显著集聚性,土地类型和管网分布对产流影响大于积水过程,而地形影响则相反;径流量和径流系数由中心向外递减趋势,径流体积与峰值流量受汇水区面积和城市管网分布影响;高产流风险区不透水面占该区域82.73%,径流系数0.7和不透水面70%的汇水区集中在城市中心;积水区用地类型以农业用地、城市绿地、道路用地为主,分别占总面积的36.56%,21.39%,21.82%,分布特征存在显著差异。[结论]城市地表结构变化与城市产流和积水分布关系密切,综合量化方法可以直观地反映城市雨洪格局特征与趋势。     

沼液淹没土壤抑制根结线虫及对土壤线虫群落的影响

为探索沼液抑制根结线虫的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以番茄为试供作物,对比了种植前沼液淹没土壤(BSS)、种植期间浇灌沼液(BS)和加热(HE)3种方法对根结线虫的防控效果。结果表明,与不采取任何措施的对照(CK)处理相比, BSS处理抑制根结线虫效果最为明显,防效高达97.1%,根结指数分别比HE和BS处理降低96.9%和92.9%。HE处理尽管在处理土壤后显著降低了根结线虫数量,但在最后破坏性取样时(结束试验)出现反弹,根结线虫数量甚至高于CK处理。对于土壤线虫群落,CK处理中以植食性线虫为主(81.8%);两个沼液处理中食细菌线虫占优势(平均78.3%),且其中的杂食捕食性线虫在土壤前处理后消失,在试验结束时又重新出现,但所占比例依然非常低。沼液淹水方式的高效防控效果揭示了利用沼液防控根结线虫的关键期在于线虫入侵到植物根部之前的幼虫期。然而,在盆栽系统中,沼液淹水的方式也对作物生长表现出了一定的抑制趋势。高量沼液施用防控病害的同时引发的植物毒害作用以及环境污染风险,需要进一步开展田间研究。