Effects of AG1 and AG2 QTLs on Nonstructural Carbohydrate and Seed Management Options for Rice Seedling Growth and Establishment under Flooding Stress

Rice (Oryza sativa) plants acquired excess photosynthates in the form of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in their stems and grain. Despite keen interest in rice NSC, the dynamics of NSC accumulation, translocation and re-accumulation have not yet been well investigated. AG1 and AG2 QTLs associated with flooding tolerance through catalyzing starch into soluble sugar in germinating seeds. Here we conducted three experiments, greenhouse and field to lay the groundwork for large-scale diversity studies on grain NSC and some agronomic traits under direct-seeded rice (DSR) system, using elite lines incorporating AG1, AG2 and AG1-AG2 QTLs into the popular varieties PSB Rc82 and Ciherang-Sub1 along with the donors Kho Hlan On (AG1) and Ma-Zhan Red (AG2). In germinating seedlings, soluble sugars increased, while starch concentration decreased gradually especially in the tolerant checks and AG1-AG2 introgression lines under flooded soil. Soluble sugar accumulation in stem started to increase from the vegetative stage and peaked at the panicle initiation stage then gradually decreased towards the maturity stage. But Sub1-AG lines had higher sugar and starch concentrations at different growth stages than other genotypes in wet season 2016 and dry season 2017. Plant survival rate was positively correlated with the stem NSC at the early vegetative stage (21 days after sowing), and stem NSC was positively associated with plant height at different growth stages. Among the tested seeding rate, the most suitable seeding rate, 4 g/m² with shallow burial depth (0.5 cm), resulted in better seedling establishment, relatively higher seedling vigor index and higher leaf area index under flooding in DSR system. Introgression of AG1-AG2 QTLs had no any negative impact on nonstructural carbohydrate, germination rate, and growth and biomass production.     

漯河市规划区雨洪格局空间分布特征综合量化研究

[目的]探索城市雨洪格局空间分布规律,为海绵城市建设提供参考。[方法]建立GIS数据库,ArcGIS空间模拟与SCS-CN,SWMM模型相结合,定量分析20a重现期和2h,85.43mm降雨,漯河规划区产流和积水分布特征。[结果]研究区径流量和径流系数(相等)、径流体积、峰值流量、积水区域的自相关Moran's I系数分别为0.338(p0.001),0.142(p0.001),0.101(p0.001),0.918(p0.001),表明产流与积水分布均呈现显著集聚性,土地类型和管网分布对产流影响大于积水过程,而地形影响则相反;径流量和径流系数由中心向外递减趋势,径流体积与峰值流量受汇水区面积和城市管网分布影响;高产流风险区不透水面占该区域82.73%,径流系数0.7和不透水面70%的汇水区集中在城市中心;积水区用地类型以农业用地、城市绿地、道路用地为主,分别占总面积的36.56%,21.39%,21.82%,分布特征存在显著差异。[结论]城市地表结构变化与城市产流和积水分布关系密切,综合量化方法可以直观地反映城市雨洪格局特征与趋势。     

沼液淹没土壤抑制根结线虫及对土壤线虫群落的影响

为探索沼液抑制根结线虫的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以番茄为试供作物,对比了种植前沼液淹没土壤(BSS)、种植期间浇灌沼液(BS)和加热(HE)3种方法对根结线虫的防控效果。结果表明,与不采取任何措施的对照(CK)处理相比, BSS处理抑制根结线虫效果最为明显,防效高达97.1%,根结指数分别比HE和BS处理降低96.9%和92.9%。HE处理尽管在处理土壤后显著降低了根结线虫数量,但在最后破坏性取样时(结束试验)出现反弹,根结线虫数量甚至高于CK处理。对于土壤线虫群落,CK处理中以植食性线虫为主(81.8%);两个沼液处理中食细菌线虫占优势(平均78.3%),且其中的杂食捕食性线虫在土壤前处理后消失,在试验结束时又重新出现,但所占比例依然非常低。沼液淹水方式的高效防控效果揭示了利用沼液防控根结线虫的关键期在于线虫入侵到植物根部之前的幼虫期。然而,在盆栽系统中,沼液淹水的方式也对作物生长表现出了一定的抑制趋势。高量沼液施用防控病害的同时引发的植物毒害作用以及环境污染风险,需要进一步开展田间研究。     

Degradation of the urban ecosystem function due to soil sealing: involvement in the heat island phenomenon and hydrologic cycle in the Tokyo metropolitan area

ABSTRACT

We reviewed the role of the soil function of urban green space in mitigating the heat island phenomenon and urban flood damage, which are important issues in the modern urban environment. Urban sprawl has progressed remarkably in the southern part of the Kanto District of Japan, especially since the 1960s. The grassland/bare land area ratio in the center of Tokyo was more than 70% in the 1930s but less than 40% in 1990. On the other hand, the paving area ratio was ~2% in the 1930s but more than 10 times that amount in 1990. Thus, cities, such as Tokyo, in the southern part of the Kanto District have been significantly sealed soil throughout time, and the heat island phenomenon has intensified. Urban green space helps to mitigate the heat island phenomenon based on the water retention and heat dissipation function of plants and unsealed soil. A cool island effect was reported during summer days in urban green spaces in Tokyo. The mitigation of the heat island effect seems to be large, even when conditions, such as the park area, land use, afforestation area ratio, and soil type, differ. Soil sealing and compaction affect urban flooding by hindering the penetration of rainwater and increasing surface runoff. According to a survey in the hilly basin (1 km²) of the western part of Tokyo, the proportion of farm- and forestland decreased due to development. The urban area increased from ~10% in the 1970s to ~60% in the 1980s. As a result, the flood arrival time shortened. Green spaces have a high rainwater permeability. The forest soil structure and presence of O horizons further increase the permeability. By promoting permeability to the underground, it is possible to reduce and delay the water runoff on the land surface. To develop urban green space as green infrastructure, it is necessary to accumulate more information on the current situation and agenda for the future of urban green space.     

Impact of waterlogging and temperature on autumn growth,hardening and freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense)

Precipitation has generally increased in Norway during the last century, and climate projections indicate a further increase. The growing season has also become longer with higher temperatures, particularly in autumn. Previous studies have shown negative effects of high temperatures and, depending upon temperature conditions, contrasting effects of waterlogging on hardening capacity of timothy. We studied effects of waterlogging on seedlings of timothy (Phleum pratense, cv. Noreng) under three pre-acclimation temperatures: 3°C, 7°C, 12°C, and in autumn natural light in a phytotron at Holt, Tromsø (69°N). After temperature treatments, all plants were cold acclimated at 2°C for three weeks under continued waterlogging treatments. Freezing tolerance was determined by intact plants being frozen in pots at incremental temperature decreases in a programmable freezer. Waterlogging resulted in a higher probability of death after freezing, and a significantly reduced regrowth after three weeks at 18°C, 24 hrs light in a greenhouse. Increasing pre-acclimation temperatures also had a clear negative effect on freezing tolerance, but there was no interaction between temperatures and waterlogging. The results indicate that waterlogging may have negative implications for hardening of timothy and may contribute to reduced winter survival under the projected increase in autumn temperatures and precipitation.     

咸-淡水交替漫灌淋洗改良滨海盐土效果

为探讨咸-淡水交替淋洗改良滨海盐土效果和节水潜力,通过土柱模拟试验,对咸-淡水交替淋洗下土壤溶液电导率变化、淋出液矿化度变化、淋洗用水量等进行了研究。结果表明,咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水(矿化度5.35 g L_-1)淋洗阶段,当100 cm深土体底部开始有淋出液时,距土表40 cm深处土壤溶液电导率下降已非常明显,而距土表80 cm、100 cm深处土壤由于盐分的聚积而电导率较高；咸水持续淋洗下40 cm深处土壤电导率始终缓慢下降,而80 cm、100 cm深处土壤电导率变化历经较快、快速、缓慢下降三个过程。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式淡水淋洗阶段,前期不同深度处土壤溶液电导率基本保持稳定；随着淋洗水量的增加,由土表向下不同深度位置土壤溶液电导率先后经过快速下降和缓慢下降两个过程。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水淋洗阶段,淋出液矿化度变化经过快速、较快、缓慢下降三个过程,直至下降到7.32 g L_-1。淡水替换咸水继续淋洗下,前期淋出液矿化度保持稳定,当淡水淋洗水量增加到7 L(27.49 cm水层)时淋出液矿化度开始下降。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水、淡水淋洗阶段结束后100 cm深土体土壤平均含盐量从初始的23.92 g Kg_-1下降到5.92 g Kg_-1和1.46 g Kg_-1,咸、淡水淋洗水量分别为21.45 L和14.85 L,与对照淡水淋洗模式比较咸-淡水交替淋洗模式淡水节约率为25.38%。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式改良滨海盐土效果较好,且节水潜力较高,但相应需要更长的淋洗改良时间。     

管花肉苁蓉寄主柽柳林地土壤养分调查研究

为了解和评价和田地区管花肉苁蓉寄主柽柳林地土壤肥力状况,指导土壤培肥,以该地区管花肉苁蓉分布最广、产量最高的于田县和民丰县为研究区域,采集该地区不同种植年限和灌溉方式下的土壤样本,对其主要物化性质进行调查研究。结果表明:接种管花肉苁蓉的柽柳林地土壤全氮和有机质含量均值分别为0.31 g/kg和2.42 g/kg,处于缺乏和很缺乏水平;土壤速效钾和全磷含量均值分别为155 mg/kg和0.55 g/kg,处于适宜及以上水平;土壤有效磷含量在0.4~8.0 mg/kg,处于适宜和缺乏水平的分别占调查面积的41.2%和58.8%。土壤pH为中性或微碱性,种植年限达10 a以上的土壤呈微酸性且已发生次生盐渍化。相同种植年限下,传统的漫灌转为滴灌可使土壤EC值、全氮和硝态氮含量分别降低60.6%、48.8%和34.7%。     

漫灌淋洗暗管排水协同改良滨海盐土水盐时空变化特征

为揭示暗管排水下漫灌淋洗土壤水盐运移规律,改进灌排工程技术,提高灌排改良效果,该文应用Vedernikov入渗方程和Van der Molen淋洗脱盐方程,对滨海盐土灌排改良过程土壤水分入渗、淋洗水量分配、盐分时空变化特征等进行了模拟研究。结果表明,间距分别为3、6、9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~1.5、0~3、0~4.5 m)田面漫灌稳定入渗强度分别在3.14~4.26、1.19~3.68和0.58~3.55 cm/d之间,排水暗管间距越大的田面土壤入渗强度空间变化也越大。暗管排水下田面漫灌入渗强度的空间变化导致淋洗水量空间分配不均,距暗管越近的区域分配的淋洗水量越多,也导致了土壤淋洗脱盐空间差异明显。漫灌淋洗20 d,间距9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~4.5 m)仅靠近暗管0~0.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的13.3%;漫灌淋洗40 d,仅靠近暗管0~1.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的35.5%;为了使暗管排水控制区域0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量都下降到3.00 g/kg以下,需要漫灌淋洗100 d。完全一致地漫灌淋洗整个区域将导致暗管附近区域土壤过度淋洗,浪费水资源;而距暗管较远区域土壤淋洗不充分,降低淋洗效率。     

Mechanisms associated with tiller suppression under stagnant flooding in rice

Stagnant flooding (SF) during vegetative growth triggers stem elongation usually at the cost of tiller production in rice, reducing grain yield. To explore physiological mechanisms associated with tillering suppression under SF, three contrasting genotypes (Swarna and Swarna‐Sub1, both sensitive and IRRI154, tolerant) were evaluated under standing water depths of 0, 5, 30 and 50 cm. SF significantly suppressed tiller formation but increased plant height, root biomass, shoot elongation (ratio of plant height before and after flooding), leaf emergency and non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration (in root–shoot junction) in all genotypes at the early stage of development. Chlorophyll concentration in the upper leaves (upper most fully expanded leaf at top) was higher than in lower leaves (lowest green leaf at base), but decreased under SF in both. SF increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at the early stage of treatment, with concomitant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production by stems and leaves. MDA concentration in root–shoot junction increased but delayed. Tiller number correlated negatively with plant height, shoot elongation, leaf emergency, MDA concentration in leaves and root–shoot junction, root biomass, and NSC concentration in the root–shoot junction. The results suggested existence of compensatory mechanisms between tiller growth and shoot elongation in rice for resilience under SF, where energy is mainly diverted for shoot elongation to escape flooding. The SF‐tolerant genotype produced less H₂O₂ and maintained energy balance for higher survival and better growth under stagnant flooding.     

棉花不同生育期淹水历时对其生长状况和产量构成的影响

通过桶栽土培试验,分别在苗期(S)、蕾期(B)、花铃期(F)和吐絮期(T)进行淹水2、4、6、8、10 d的处理,淹水深度均为5 cm,并以全生育期不淹水为对照(CK),探索了黄淮地区夏季棉花不同生育期淹水历时对其生长状况和产量构成的影响。结果表明,在棉花苗期、蕾期和花铃期淹水6 d后,株高和叶面积开始显著小于CK(P0.05)。不同生育期淹水处理均会导致棉花株高、叶面积、果枝数、节数、铃数和单铃质量的下降,且淹水历时越长,下降幅度越大。淹水导致棉花减产最为严重的生育期为花铃期,其余依次为蕾期、苗期和吐絮期,4个生育期在淹水2~10 d条件下的平均减产率分别为28.0%、12.9%、7.3%和2.9%。在棉花苗期,当淹水不超过6 d时,如果排涝及时,其形态指标及产量构成均能在吐絮期恢复至与CK无显著差异水平。在棉花蕾期淹水关键期为4 d,而在花铃期即使淹水2 d也可导致其形态发育停滞,产量无法恢复至CK水平。