Patterns of silver eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) sex ratio in a catchment

Abstract –  Changes in the numbers and size-class structure of European silver eels, Anguilla anguilla , in the River Frémur (France) were examined over a 9-year period after installation of downstream eel passes. The number of silver eels migrating downstream peaked in 1999, then decreased strongly and steadily after 2000, reaching relatively low levels. At the same time, a gradual shift in the silver eel sex ratio from a dominance of males (size from 270 to 442 mm, age from 3 to 6 years) to females (size from 366 to 1112 mm, age from 4 to 9 years) was recorded. Possible explanations for the escapement patterns observed are environmental sex determination and the installation of eel passes on the main hydraulic engineering structures in 1992 and 1996.     

Effects of straw and silicon soil amendments on some foliar and stem-base diseases in pot-grown winter wheat

Four foliar and two stem-base pathogens were inoculated onto wheat plants grown in different substrates in pot experiments. Soils from four different UK locations were each treated in three ways: (i) straw incorporated in the field at 10 t ha⁻¹ several months previously; (ii) silicon fertilization at 100 mg L⁻¹ during the experiment; and (iii) no amendments. A sand and vermiculite mix was used with and without silicon amendment. The silicon treatment increased plant silica concentrations in all experiments, but incorporating straw was not associated with raised plant silica concentrations. Blumeria graminis and Puccinia recondita were inoculated by shaking infected plants over the test plants, followed by suitable humid periods. The silicon treatment reduced powdery mildew ( B. graminis ) substantially in sand and vermiculite and in two of the soils, but there were no effects on the slight infection by brown rust ( P. recondita ). Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola were inoculated as conidial suspensions. Leaf spot caused by P. nodorum was reduced in silicon-amended sand and vermiculite; soil was not tested. Symptoms of septoria leaf blotch caused by M. graminicola were reduced by silicon amendment in a severely infected sand and vermiculite experiment but not in soil or a slightly infected sand and vermiculite experiment. Oculimacula yallundae (eyespot) and Fusarium culmorum (brown foot rot) were inoculated as agar plugs on the stem base. Severity of O. yallundae was reduced by silicon amendment of two of the soils but not sand and vermiculite; brown foot rot symptoms caused by F. culmorum were unaffected by silicon amendment. The straw treatment reduced severity of powdery mildew but did not detectably affect the other pathogens. Both straw and silicon treatments appeared to increase plant resistance to all diseases only under high disease pressure.     

Basic Technology and Recent Trends in Agricultural Formulation and Application Technology

Recent requirements of the pesticide industry have become much severer, and pesticides (formulated products) are required to satisfy higher safety to both human beings and the environment, higher biological efficacy, lower price, and labor-saving. This review explains the outline of basic pesticide formulation technology, followed by recent advances in developing new formulations and application technologies. Labor-saving formulations and application technologies, environmental load reduction technologies, and user-friendly formulations and application technologies are elucidated.     

引江济淮工程菜子湖线有机磷农药分布特征及生态风险评价

选取引江济淮工程重要的输水线之一菜子湖线为研究区域,检测分析了12种有机磷农药(organophosphorus pesticides, OPPs)在沿线水和沉积物中的污染水平、分布特征及生态环境风险,以更好地评估引江济淮工程菜子湖线水域农药类环境激素的污染及生态风险情况。结果表明：水体中OPPs的总质量浓度为112.8～1 781.4 ng/L,主要以溴硫磷、三硫磷和灭线磷为主;沉积物中OPPs的总浓度范围为290.33～13 105.25 ng/g,主要以灭线磷、治螟磷和毒虫畏为主。相对于我国其他水域,引江济淮工程菜子湖线水和沉积物中OPPs的主要污染物类别差异较大。水体中OPPs生态风险评估结果表明,溴硫磷、三硫磷和毒虫畏在菜子湖线全域均表现出较高生态风险(RQ>1),C、D、H和K这4个站点OPPs风险较高(RQ>10 000),敌敌畏和治螟磷在大部分水域表现出中等(0.1相似文献   

Leaf stoichiometry of Leontopodium lentopodioides at high altitudes on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

Altitude affects leaf stoichiometry by regulating temperature and precipitation, and influencing soil properties in mountain ecosystems. Leaf carbon concentration(C), leaf nitrogen concentration(N),leaf phosphorous concentration(P), and their stoichiometric ratios of Leontopodium lentopodioides(Willd.)Beauv., a widespread species in degraded grasslands, were investigated to explore its response and adaptation strategy to environmental changes along four altitude gradients(2500, 3000, 3500, and 3...     

环境因素对芸苔链格孢生长发育的影响

研究结果表明,芸苔链格孢(Alternaria brassicae)在0—35℃下均可萌发,最适温度15—20℃。菌丝在0—30℃下均能生长,最适温度20—25℃;孢子及菌丝的致死温度为50℃,10分钟。该菌对湿度要求较严格,相对湿度在90％以上时孢子才能萌发,最适相对湿度为98％;病菌在相对湿度达93％时可以侵染,98％以上最适。脱落后孢子曝露在室内(相对湿度约63％)经1小时萌发率下降32.4％,4小时下降80％。耐旱能力较差。一般情况下紫外光能促进该菌产孢,但是对某些菌系的促进作用不明显。过长的紫外光照射对该菌产孢不利,照射160分钟孢子萌发率下降近80％。麦芽糖、蔗糖为该菌的最佳碳源;硝态氮、有机氮是该菌的良好氮源。pH值为4—6时有利于分生孢子萌发,强酸、强碱对分生孢子萌发有抑制作用。     

中国西部河谷型城市环境质量评价

本文首先采用灰色系统评价方法、空气污染综合指数等方法对中国西部河谷型城市大气、地表水、噪声环境质量进行了客观评价。其次,分析了近年来中国西部河谷型城市环境变化的趋势。最后,提出了改善城市环境质量的若干建议。虽然中国西部部分河谷型城市的环境质量近年来大有改善,但总体上仍然较差。其中,TSP污染十分突出,部分城市的酸雨也日益严重,各主要河流的污染没有明显改善的迹象。     

土壤熏蒸剂研究进展

土壤熏蒸剂可有效防治土传病虫害,但效果最好的熏蒸剂溴甲烷由于破坏臭氧层,已被禁止用在农业上(必要用途豁免除外)。碘甲烷、氯化苦、异硫氰酸甲酯、1,3-二氯丙烯、二甲基二硫、硫酰氟、棉隆及威百亩是国际上已经登记使用的土壤熏蒸剂;甲酸乙酯、乙二腈、糠醛、丙烯醛是有希望开发为新的土壤熏蒸剂品种。国内已经商品化的土壤熏蒸剂品种有4种,分别为氯化苦、威百亩、棉隆和硫酰氟,二甲基二硫正在登记当中。本文系统综述了上述熏蒸剂在应用、环境行为等方面的研究进展,在未来一段时间内,氯化苦、棉隆及威百亩将会占据着国内土壤熏蒸剂的主要市场。二甲基二硫的登记也将会改善国内熏蒸剂品种匮乏的局面。     

山西晋南小地老虎越冬代成虫发生量与环境因子的关系

为了解掌握山西晋南各地小地老虎越冬代成虫发生量与海拔、气温、降雨等环境因子的关系,2015年进行了不同环境条件下小地老虎越冬代成虫性诱剂诱虫试验。结果表明:低海拔地区的成虫比高海拔地区始见期早,且发生量大;成虫始见期温度为5~6℃,活动的高峰期温度为11~19℃,终末期温度为25~28℃,低于5℃或者高于28℃成虫基本不活动或零星活动;在成虫主要集中活动的11~19℃范围内,不同区域成虫活动与温度变化差异显著,温度高时活动明显加剧,温度低时活动减弱;成虫的发生量随降雨量增加呈递减规律;从降雨前1日到降雨当日再到雨后1日也整体呈递减规律,但中雨前后3日,发生规律有所不同,呈"V"字形趋势;其中,小雨(或阵雨)当日及前1日、中雨前1日的平均单日诱虫量均大于无雨日的诱虫量。     

基于不同城市空间类型的广州天际线特点研究

通过对广州城市天际线不足之处的分析,对广州居住区、政府办事区、城市公共绿地等不同城市空间类型的景观天际线特点进行研究,分析其对人们的环境感染力。同时,对广州城市景观天际线的营造提出建议,为创造典型、有特色的城市空间环境提供参考依据。