环境友好型农药喷施机械研究进展与展望

在农林病虫害防治中,化学方法仍占主导地位,化学农药施用不当会引起农药浪费、环境污染和农药残留等问题。为此,本文阐述了国内外对农药雾化、在线混药、可变量控制、仿形喷雾、雾滴飘移控制、静电喷雾、智能对靶喷雾集成等关键技术的研究概况;综述了防飘移喷雾机、仿形喷雾机、喷杆喷雾机、杂草防除机械、果园喷雾机、智能喷雾机等6类典型地面植保机械的发展概况,以及包括植保无人机及其关键部件在内的典型航空植保机械的研究发展水平;提出了环境友好型农药喷施机械"绿色环保、精确高效"的研究理念,以及开展植保机器人与专用植保机械(植保机器人及其阵列、专用植保机械)研发、航空施药机具与植保无人机研究、智能物联农药喷雾系统(病虫草害靶标智能监测识别与防治预警系统、无线物联智能植保信息传输系统、立体智能协同农药喷雾系统)研究和植保机械关键技术(新型喷头及在线混药、智能化载运平台)研究等总体发展建议。     

Immunogenicity of multiple-epitope antigen gene of HCV carried by novel biodegradable polymers

In order to develop a promising vaccine candidate utilizing a combined approach to induce both antibody production and T-cell activity, the DNA fragment containing MA of HCV with five conserved epitopes was synthesized. Two types of HCV vaccine candidates (the DNA type and DNA/polymers) were constructed using MA. PLA-PEG-PLA and PLGA-PEG-PLGA were synthesized and used as micelles with encapsulated plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-MA. The preparation of copolymers, the cloning and analysis of recombinant plasmid DNA, in vitro expression, and immunogenicity in transgenic mice were evaluated in detail. The results indicated that even single immunization and oral immunization with DNA/polymers achieved satisfying immune responses in vivo tests. As biodegradable and nontoxic triblock copolymers, the novel copolymers demonstrated a great advantage, as they made long-term and single-immunizing vaccines possible; in addition, the copolymers showed a better adjuvant effect and scarcely any side effects.     

黑龙江西部低山丘陵区应用保水剂造林适宜施用量试验研究

保水剂不同施用量的盆栽梯度试验与不同拌种比例的直播造林试验的结果表明：随着保水剂施用量的增加，植苗造林维持苗木成活生长时间逐渐延长，其中维持新植苗木持续成活生长15天左右的施用量分别为：小黑杨（2根1干）10～12 g，丁香（2年实生苗）8～10 g，樟子松（2年实生苗）6～8 g；直播拌种造林则随着加拌保水剂比例增大，胡枝子出苗量逐渐提高，1∶10、1∶15及1∶20比例与对照差异显著，当年苗高同时逐渐提高，1∶10比例与对照差异显著。通过与人工浇水比较，在保证造林成活率的前提下，植苗造林施用保水剂可分别节约造林抚育成本：小黑杨1142．5元／hm2、丁香1110元／hm2、樟子松1353．34元／hm2。     

生态文明城市建设中湿地生态工程构建模式研究

湿地生态工程是生态文明城市建设不可缺少的内容之一,对推进我国生态文明城市建设和发展具有重要的现实意义.以长株潭“两型”社会建设的样板区长沙市为例,对湿地生态工程在生态文明城市建设中面临的主要问题进行分析基础上,提出了湿地生态工程的基本思路、原则,并构建了湿地生态工程基本模式,旨在为我国生态文明城市建设规划的编制提供科学依据和决策参考.     

喷施蔗糖基聚合物对平菇产量和品质的影响

试验在平菇子实体生长期间采用不同浓度的蔗糖基聚合物进行喷施处理,研究其对平菇产量和品质影响。结果表明,在试验浓度范围内,蔗糖基聚合物对平菇具有显著的增产增效作用。尤以浓度为2%的处理效果最好,鲜菇可增产23.8%,生物效率提高17.8%;子实体营养成分多糖、蛋白质和维生素C含量也分别提高32.1%、31.3%和3.1%;此外一些对人体重要矿物元素（Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu）的含量也均有明显提高。     

纤维素制备高吸水材料研究进展

着眼于高吸水材料在农林业中的应用，综述了以纤维素为原料制备高吸水材料的研究发展现状，指出了最近的研究动向。     

保水剂在京郊果园的应用试验研究

重点研究了果园施用保水剂后剖面土壤水分动态、果树耗水规律 ,探讨了保水剂作用下土壤水分对果树生长、果实生长发育、产量与品质的影响规律 ,同时对保水剂在山区果园的应用进行了经济可行性分析     

环境友好农业生产的生态补偿机制探索与实践

围绕中德技术合作"中国华北地区集约化农业的环境战略"项目实施过程中,为鼓励农民采用节水、节肥、节药环境友好方式生产安全优质设施蔬菜,减轻农业面源污染,保护农业生态资源与环境而开展的生态补偿的实践进行论述,结合项目的实践从补偿原则、补偿对象、补偿标准、补偿形式、补偿环节、补偿监管等方面进行了探讨。笔者认为,建立健全农业生态环境补偿制度符合世界贸易组织农业协议绿箱政策,有利于推动环境友好技术的应用。环境友好农业生产的生态补偿应以项目(政府)补贴为主导,以农民自愿为前提,以骨干农户、农民专业合作社为主要补偿对象,以技物结合为主要补偿形式,以兼顾生态、经济和社会效益为目标。     

Control of Rainfall-Induced Soil Erosion with Various Types of Polyacrylamide (8 pp)

Background   Several types of organic polymers with various molecular weights and surface charges are produced for various industrial and agricultural purposes, and recent studies have shown that high molecular weight anionic polymers are the most effective in reducing runoff and soil loss. However, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is marketed under various commercial names with variable molecular weight and length according to its chemistry (Barvenik 1994). Consequently, its interactions with soil and efficiency in reducing soil erosion are expected to vary. Moreover, types of PAM other than those recommended for erosion control may also be effective in reducing soil erosion. Objectives   The objective of this research is to test the influence of 9 types of polyacrylamide (PAM) on water infiltration and soil loss of an arid silt loam soil under simulated rainfall conditions. Method  logy. Nine types of organic polymers varied in surface charge, ranging from +20 to –75, and molecular weight ranging from very low to very high were used in this study. Soil plots with dimensions of 60 cm by 120 cm having moderate slope of3 to 5% were constructed in the field and equipped with runoff collection installations. A specific type of PAM was spread on soil plots at a rate of 10 kg/ha. Rainfall was supplied from a drip type rainfall simulator at constant intensity and duration of 80 mm/h and 50 min, respectively. Runoff, infiltration and soil loss were measured for each plot subjected to a specific type of PAM and compared to control plots. Results and Conclusions   Land application of PAMs significantly increased infiltration prior to runoff but had insignificant effect on total infiltration volume and final infiltration rate under the present experimental conditions. Experimental results confirmed that anionic polymers were more effective in reducing soil loss than that of non-ionic or cationic polymers. In fact the cationic, low molecular weight and low surface charge non-ionic PAMs had insignificant effect on soil loss. High molecular weight anionic PAM with 30% surface charge (A-130) was more effective(46% reduction) than those having a high molecular weight and a lower surface charge of 20% (A-110 and A-120) with an aver-age soil loss reduction of 24%. The PAM A-836, described assoil erosion polymer with 20% surface charge and high molecular weight, reduced soil erosion by 41%. Unexpectedly, the anionic PAM with low molecular weight but very high surface charge was also effective in reducing soil loss (47% reduction). Recommendations and Outlook   Land application of PAM improves water infiltration and highly reduces soil erosion thus improving agricultural production. Application of PAM could be the only viable way to improve arid land farming. It seemed that various types of PAMs, other than those specifically produced for erosion protection can be used to combat soil erosion. This means that farmers in poor countries can use any type of PAM that is available to them to improve agricultural production.     

分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中四环素类抗生素残留

采用分子印迹技术合成四环素类分子印迹聚合物,以其为填料制备固相萃取柱,运用高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中的四环素类抗生素。具体地,以盐酸强力霉素为模板分子、甲基丙烯酸为功能单体、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,采用沉淀聚合法在丙酮-乙腈混合溶液中制备具有特异性吸附能力的分子印迹聚合物,通过高效液相色谱仪检测其吸附四环素类抗生素的能力,并将其作为填料制备固相萃取柱,用于牛奶中四环素类抗生素残留检测。结果显示,四环素类抗生素在0.05~10.0 μg·mL^-1范围内线性良好,加标回收率为79.4%~86.3%,相对标准偏差均小于3.8%,准确性较好。四环素和土霉素的检出限为0.02 μg·mL^-1,金霉素的检出限为0.05 μg·mL^-1,检测灵敏度高,特异性识别能力强。