福建省典型茶园土壤硒含量及其影响因素研究

采集了福建省60份典型茶园表层土壤(0~20 cm),测定了土壤全硒和有效硒含量,分析了土壤类型、植茶年限和海拔对土壤硒及有效硒含量的影响,并探讨其受土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,福建省茶园土壤全硒含量范围为0.22~2.20 mg·kg^-1,均值为0.73 mg·kg^-1,有86.67%的茶园土壤硒含量达到富硒土壤标准(>0.4 mg·kg^-1);茶园土壤有效硒含量为5.21~448.86 μg·kg^-1,均值为62.98 μg·kg^-1;土壤硒活化率为1.10%~31.64%,均值为8.76%,硒有效程度较低。砂砾岩和凝灰岩发育的茶园土壤硒和有效硒含量较高,紫色砂岩和河流冲积物发育的茶园土壤硒含量较低;山地草甸土茶园土壤全硒和有效硒含量最高,潮砂土和水稻土硒含量较低;成龄茶园和老茶园土壤全硒和有效硒含量较高,新垦茶园硒含量较低;中高海拔地区茶园土壤全硒及有效硒含量较高,低海拔地区茶园土壤硒含量较低。相关分析表明,茶园土壤硒及有效性主要受土壤有机质和全氮的影响,pH对有机质含量较低的红壤茶园和幼龄茶园有显著影响,有效磷对成龄茶园和中高海拔茶园有显著影响。总体而言,该区域茶园富硒土壤为发展天然富硒茶提供了物源保证,但硒有效程度不高,应针对不同类型茶园采取相应栽培措施(增施有机肥、改良剂和钙镁磷肥)来提高土壤有效硒。     

Spatial pattern of soil organic carbon in desert grasslands of the diluvial-alluvial plains of northern Qilian Mountains

The soil properties in arid ecosystems are important determinants of vegetation distribution patterns.Soil organic carbon(SOC)content,which is closely related to soil types and the holding capacities of soil water and nutrients,exhibits complex variability in arid desert grasslands;thus,it is essentially an impact factor for the distribution pattern of desert grasslands.In the present study,an investigation was conducted to estimate the spatial pattern of SOC content in desert grasslands and the association with environmental factors in the diluvial-alluvial plains of northern Qilian Mountains.The results showed that the mean values of SOC ranged from 2.76 to 5.80 g/kg in the soil profiles,and decreased with soil depths.The coefficients of variation(CV)of the SOC were high(ranging from 48.83%to 94.67%),which indicated a strong spatial variability.SOC in the desert grasslands of the study region presented a regular spatial distribution,which increased gradually from the northwest to the southeast.The SOC distribution had a pattern linked to elevation,which may be related to the gradient of climate conditions.Soil type and plant community significantly affected the SOC.The SOC had a significant positive relationship with soil moisture(P<0.05);whereas,it had a more significant negative relationship with the soil bulk density(BD)(P<0.01).However,a number of the variations in the SOC could be explained not by the environmental factors involved in this analysis,but rather other factors(such as grazing activity and landscape).The results provide important references for soil carbon storage estimation in this study region.In addition,the SOC association with environmental variables also provides a basis for a sustainable use of the limited grassland resources in the diluvial-alluvial plains of northern Qilian Mountains.     

山地植物群落生物多样性与生物生产力海拔梯度变化研究进展

文中从生物学谱中群落和生态系统尺度，根据国内外的野外观测文献，总结了山地植被在群落生物多样性和生物生产力2方面的海拔梯度变化特征，以及群落生物生产力与生物多样性的关系，并提出目前该领域研究的几个热点问题。     

DEM在林火行为模拟中的应用

林火行为具有时间和空间特征,利用DEM(Digital Elevation Model)对林火行为进行3维模拟是一个很有前景的研究方向。本研究利用ArcView实现DEM数据源的提取、模型转换,通过林相图和地形图的配准,将影响林火蔓延的可燃物因子与DEM结合,进行效果图显示,为林火行为的3维模拟进行了有益的实践。     

Effects of light and microsite conditions on tree size of 6-year-old Cryptomeria japonica planted in a group selection opening

We examined the extent to which direct and indirect measures of light and microsite conditions could explain variation in tree height and diameter at the base of 6-year-old Cryptomeria japonica trees planted in a group selection opening of about 0.32 ha on a steep slope at Shiiba, Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. We first used the gap light index (GLI) and soil thickness (ST) as directly measured indices. For an indirect measure of light, we used a between-cohort competition index (BCI) estimated from the position and total height of residual trees. For indirect measures of microsite, we examined topographic indices (slope, plan and profile curvature, average slope gradient, and relative elevation) derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) with different resolutions ranging from 2 to 10 m. The multiple linear regression using GLI and ST explained about 45% of variation in tree size, while simple regression using only GLI explained about 35%. The contribution of ST was about half of GLI. The multiple regressions using BCI and the topographic indices did not explain any more variation than using BCI alone (R ² of about 0.26). We conclude that microsite conditions with shallower soil and steeper slope have negative effects on tree growth in group selection openings, although the relative importance is smaller than light conditions. More comprehensive studies considering several openings with more heterogeneous topography including different species are needed to generalize our growth prediction using the indirect measures, which are useful for practical forest management.     

河网平原地区雨水管道设计方法的探讨

本文结合河网平源地区的水文地理特点，提出了雨水管道设计中管径确定与管道埋设分别独立进行，水力计算采用统一的水力坡降，管道埋设采用统一的安装坡度，以及提倡管底平接等设计思想与计算方法。     

西双版纳高海拔山地小气候和橡胶宜林地

通过对多年来西双版纳高海拔山地逆温和橡胶树试种研究资料分析，论述了以坡向为主导因素的西双版纳高海拔山地小气候和精选橡胶树宜林地的问题，为制止盲目扩种橡胶树提供依据。     

海拔对锥栗品种抗栗瘿蜂性表达的影响

通过调查不同海拔锥栗林分和锥栗品种受栗瘿蜂危害的情况,研究海拔对锥栗抗栗瘿蜂性表达的影响。结果表明:高海拔不利于锥栗抗栗瘿蜂性的表达;品种抗栗瘿蜂性在不同海拔地区的表达程度与品种抗性大小有关,品种抗性越高,其抗虫性表达受海拔的影响越小,在高海拔地区越能体现其对栗瘿蜂的抑制作用。     

祁连山北坡青海云杉中龄林结构随海拔的变化

在祁连山北坡中段的大野口流域,沿海拔梯度(2 500~3 300 m)调查了青海云杉中龄林的结构,并分海拔段(每100 m)进行统计。结果表明:1)研究区森林密度较大但树木个体较小,密度、胸径、树高和冠幅直径(平均值±SD)分别为1 550±628 株·hm^-2、13.9±6.2 cm、8.1±3.7 m和3.3±1.7 m。随海拔升高,密度降低、平均胸径和冠幅直径增加,平均树高呈"单峰"变化,峰值在海拔2 800~2 900 m。2)研究区森林的径级组成以小树(DBH: 5~12.5 cm)和中树(DBH: 12.5~22.5 cm)为主,树高(H)以6~12 m的树木为主。随海拔升高,林内幼树(DBH≤5 cm)比例基本稳定,小树比例略有下降,中树比例呈"单峰"变化,峰值在2 800~2 900 m,大树(DBH>22.5 cm)比例增加。H≤6 m的树木比例呈"V"字型变化,在海拔2 800~2 900 m最低,H为6~12 m和H>12 m的树木比例均呈"单峰"变化,峰值分别在海拔2 600~2 700 m和海拔2 800~2 900 m。3)林分高径比介于0.45~0.73,胸高断面积介于7.86~33.32 m²·hm^-2,随海拔升高两者均呈"单峰"变化,峰值在海拔2 800~2 900 m。分析表明,随海拔升高,青海云杉林的结构呈明显变化,并在中间海拔区(海拔2 800~2 900 m)达到最优。因此,分海拔区段建立森林结构与水文过程的定量关系并进行生态水文模型的参数设置十分必要。