Target and non-target site mechanisms of fungicide resistance and their implications for the management of crop pathogens

Fungicides are indispensable for high-quality crops, but the rapid emergence and evolution of fungicide resistance have become the most important issues in modern agriculture. Hence, the sustainability and profitability of agricultural production have been challenged due to the limited number of fungicide chemical classes. Resistance to site-specific fungicides has principally been linked to target and non-target site mechanisms. These mechanisms change the structure or expression level, affecting fungicide efficacy and resulting in different and varying resistance levels. This review provides background information about fungicide resistance mechanisms and their implications for developing anti-resistance strategies in plant pathogens. Here, our purpose was to review changes at the target and non-target sites of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, methyl-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides, demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides and to evaluate if they may also be associated with a fitness cost on crop pathogen populations. The current knowledge suggests that understanding fungicide resistance mechanisms can facilitate resistance monitoring and assist in developing anti-resistance strategies and new fungicide molecules to help solve this issue. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Winter soil CO2 efflux in two contrasting forest ecosystems on the eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

Significant CO2 fluxes from snow-covered soils occur in cold biomes. However, little is known about winter soil respiration on the eastern Tibetan Plateau of China. We therefore measured winter soil CO...     

Effects of the plant alkaloid thaliblastine on non-cross-resistant and sensitive human leukemia cells in relation with reversal of acquired anthracycline resistance

Thaliblastine exhibits dose dependent cytotoxic effect on HL-60, HL-60/DOX, RHE and HD-MY-2 leukemia cells. Additionally, typical for apoptosis oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation could be detected in leukemia cells treated with thaliblastine. Moreover, an MDR-phenotype reversing effect of thaliblastine was also identified.     

Interpreting the dependence of soil respiration on soil temperature and water content in a boreal aspen stand

Continuous half-hourly measurements of soil CO₂ efflux made between January and December 2001 in a mature trembling aspen stand located at the southern edge of the boreal forest in Canada were used to investigate the seasonal and diurnal dependence of soil respiration (R_s) on soil temperature (T_s) and water content (θ). Daily mean R_s varied from a minimum of 0.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in February to a maximum of 9.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in mid-July. Daily mean T_s at the 2-cm depth was the primary variable accounting for the temporal variation of R_s and no differences between Arrhenius and Q₁₀ response functions were found to describe the seasonal relationship. R_s at 10 °C (R_s10) and the temperature sensitivity of R_s (Q_10Rs) calculated at the seasonal time scale were 3.8 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and 3.8, respectively. Temperature normalization of daily mean R_s (R_sN) revealed that θ in the 0–15 cm soil layer was the secondary variable accounting for the temporal variation of R_s during the growing season. Daily R_sN showed two distinctive phases with respect to soil water field capacity in the 0–15 cm layer (θ_fc, 0.30 m³ m⁻³): (1) R_sN was strongly reduced when θ decreased below θ_fc, which reflected a reduction in microbial decomposition, and (2) R_sN slightly decreased when θ increased above θ_fc, which reflected a restriction of CO₂ or O₂ transport in the soil profile.Diurnal variations of half-hourly R_s were usually out of phase with T_s at the 2-cm depth, which resulted in strong diurnal hysteresis between the two variables. Daily nighttime R_s10 and Q_10Rs parameters calculated from half-hourly nighttime measurements of R_s and T_s at the 2-cm depth (when there was steady cooling of the soil) varied greatly during the growing season and ranged from 6.8 to 1.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and 5.5 to 1.3, respectively. On average, daily nighttime R_s10 (4.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and Q_10Rs (2.8) were higher and lower, respectively, than the values obtained from the seasonal relationship. Seasonal variations of these daily parameters were highly correlated with variations of θ in the 0–15 cm soil layer, with a tendency of low R_s10 and Q_10Rs values at low θ. Overall, the use of seasonal R_s10 and Q_10Rs parameters led to an overestimation of daily ranges of half-hourly R_s (ΔR_s) during drought conditions, which supported findings that the short-term temperature sensitivity of R_s was lower during periods of low θ. The use of daily nighttime R_s10 and Q_10Rs parameters greatly helped at simulating ΔR_s during these periods but did not improve the estimation of half-hourly R_s throughout the year as it could not account for the diurnal hysteresis effect.     

Impact of land degradation on soil respiration in a steppe (Stipa tenacissima L.) semi-arid ecosystem in the SE of Spain

Climate change scenarios predict increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and longer drought periods in most semi-arid regions of the world. Ecosystems in these regions are prone to land degradation, which may be aggravated by climate change. Soil respiration is one of the main processes responsible for organic carbon losses from arid and semi-arid ecosystems. We measured soil respiration over one year in two steppe ecosystems having different degrees of land degradation under three ground-covers: with vegetation, bare soil, and an intermediate situation between plants and bare soil.The largest differences in soil respiration rates between the sites were observed in spring, coinciding with the highest level of plant activity. The degraded site had drier and hotter soils with less soil water availability and a longer drought period. As a result, vegetation on the degraded site did not respond to spring rainfall events. Soil respiration showed a strong seasonal variability, with average annual rates of 1.1 and 0.8 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in the natural and degraded sites, respectively. We did not observe significant differences in soil respiration rates associated with ground-cover i.e., the temporal variation was much larger than the spatial variation. At both sites, soil moisture was the controlling driver of soil respiration for most of the year, when temperatures were above 20 °C and constrained the response to temperature for the few months when the temperature was below 20 °C. An empirical model based on soil temperature and soil moisture explained 90% and 72% of the seasonal variability of soil respiration on the natural and degraded sites, respectively. For the first time, this study suggests that land degradation may alter the carbon balance of these ecosystems through changes in the temporal dynamics of soil respiration and plant productivity, which have important negative consequences for ecosystem functioning and sustainability.     

空肠弯曲菌耐药机制研究进展

空肠弯曲菌是一种全球关注的人兽共患病病原菌,由于滥用抗生素而造成其耐药性不断增强,成为公共卫生日益关注的问题.各类抗生素作用位点的基因突变是诱发空肠弯曲菌对各类临床常用的抗生素产生耐药的主要原因,同时细菌对药物的外排机制也在其对抗生素耐药过程中发挥了一定的作用.文章对空肠弯曲菌对各类临床常用抗生素的耐药机制做一综述.     

Effects of nitrogen and intensive mixing on decomposition of C-labelled maize (Zea mays L.) residue in soils of different land use types

This study investigated the effects of mineral-N addition and intensive mixing (analogous to disturbance by plowing) on decomposition of ¹⁴C-labelled maize (Zea mays L.) residue and soil organic matter (SOM). Soils were collected from the upper 5 cm of three land use types at Edelweiler, Germany: plow tillage (PT), reduced tillage (RT), and grassland (GL). Soils were incubated for 112 days at 20 °C, with or without ¹⁴C-labelled maize residue (4 g DM kg⁻¹ soil), with or without nitrogen (100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil as NH₄NO₃) and with or without intensive mixing.

The effect of mineral-N on maize residue decomposition differed depending on the stage of decomposition and land use type. Nitrogen accelerated residue decomposition rates in the first 5 days in RT and GL soils, but not in PT soil, and decreased residue decomposition rate in all three land use types after 11 days. At the end of the incubation, N suppressed ¹⁴CO₂ efflux in RT and PT soils, but not in GL soil. Mineral-N did not increase SOM decomposition independently on the land use types.

Intensive mixing stimulated decomposition of both plant residue and SOM in all three land use types. However, effects were smaller in GL soil than in RT or PT soil, presumably because stronger soil aggregates in GL would have been less affected by mixing and allowed greater protection of SOM and plant residue against decomposition.     

Annual soil CO2 effluxes in the High Arctic: The role of snow thickness and vegetation type

Little work has been done to quantify annual soil CO₂ effluxes in the High Arctic region because of the difficulty in taking winter measurements. Since the effects of climate change are expected to be higher in Arctic than in temperate ecosystems, it is important that summer measurements are extended to cover the entire year. This study evaluates the quantity and quality of soil organic C (SOC) and seasonal controls of soil CO₂ effluxes in three soils under three dominating types of vegetation (Dryas, Cassiope, and Salix) at Svalbard. Measurements included soil CO₂ effluxes in the field and the laboratory, temperature, water content, and snow thickness. About 90% of the variation in soil respiration throughout 1 year was due to near-surface soil temperatures which ranged from −12 to +12 °C. Total annual soil CO₂ effluxes varied from 103 g C m⁻² at soils under Cassiope, 152 g C m⁻² under Dryas sites, and 176 g C m⁻² under Salix, with 20%, 14%, and 30%, respectively, being released during a 6-month winter period. The sensitivity of soil respiration with respect to soil temperature was the same year round and differences in winter CO₂ effluxes at the three vegetation types were mainly related to subsurface soil temperatures controlled by snow depth. The quantity and quality of soil organic matter varied under the different vegetation types. Soils under Salix had the largest and most labile pool of SOC and were characterized by a long period of snow cover. In contrast, soils under Cassiope were more nutrient-poor, more acidic and held the smallest amount of total and labile SOC, whereas soils under Dryas remained snow-free most of the winter and therefore had the coldest winter conditions. Thus, winter soil respiration rates under Dryas and Cassiope were significantly lower than those under Salix; under Dryas this was mainly due to snow depth, under Cassiope this was a combination of snow depth and poor litter quality. It is concluded that winter respiration is highly variable across Arctic landscapes and depends on the spatial distribution of snow, which acts as a direct control on soil temperatures and indirect on vegetation types and thereby, the amount and quality of soil organic matter, which serve as additional important drivers of soil respiration.     

Soil CO2 efflux in an Afromontane forest of Ethiopia as driven by seasonality and tree species

Variability of soil CO₂ efflux strongly depends on soil temperature, soil moisture and plant phenology. Separating the effects of these factors is critical to understand the belowground carbon dynamics of forest ecosystem. In Ethiopia with its unreliable seasonal rainfall, variability of soil CO₂ efflux may be particularly associated with seasonal variation. In this study, soil respiration was measured in nine plots under the canopies of three indigenous trees (Croton macrostachys, Podocarpus falcatus and Prunus africana) growing in an Afromontane forest of south-eastern Ethiopia. Our objectives were to investigate seasonal and diurnal variation in soil CO₂ flux rate as a function of soil temperature and soil moisture, and to investigate the impact of tree species composition on soil respiration. Results showed that soil respiration displayed strong seasonal patterns, being lower during dry periods and higher during wet periods. The dependence of soil respiration on soil moisture under the three tree species explained about 50% of the seasonal variability. The relation followed a Gaussian function, and indicated a decrease in soil respiration at soil volumetric water contents exceeding a threshold of about 30%. Under more moist conditions soil respiration is tentatively limited by low oxygen supply. On a diurnal basis temperature dependency was observed, but not during dry periods when plant and soil microbial activities were restrained by moisture deficiency. Tree species influenced soil respiration, and there was a significant interaction effect of tree species and soil moisture on soil CO₂ efflux variability. During wet (and cloudy) period, when shade tolerant late successional P. falcatus is having a physiological advantage, soil respiration under this tree species exceeded that under the other two species. In contrast, soil CO₂ efflux rates under light demanding pioneer C. macrostachys appeared to be least sensitive to dry (but sunny) conditions. This is probably related to the relatively higher carbon assimilation rates and associated root respiration. We conclude that besides the anticipated changes in precipitation pattern in Ethiopia any anthropogenic disturbance fostering the pioneer species may alter the future ecosystem carbon balance by its impact on soil respiration.     

耐药猪链球菌膜蛋白图谱分析及能量抑制剂对其敏感性的影响

为证实国内临床分离的动物源链球菌菌株中是否存在与红霉素耐药性相关的主动外排机制,选取含有mefA基因和ermB基因和不含mefA/ermB基因的链球菌耐药菌株和青霉素、红霉素均敏感菌株,在能量抑制剂氰氯苯腙(CCCP)存在时,采用棋盘法分析红霉素、阿齐霉素、替米考星、青霉素对分离菌MIC的影响,并采用SDS-PAGE电泳分析分离株的膜蛋白图谱.结果显示:CCCP可对含有mefA基因的耐药菌株产生影响,可增强其对红霉素、阿齐霉素的敏感性,但不影响其对替米考星和青霉素的敏感性.含有ermB基因、不含mefA/ermB基因的耐药菌,对红霉素、阿齐霉素、替米考星和青霉素的敏感性不受CCCP的影响.菌株膜蛋白的SDS-PAGE电泳图谱显示,含有mefA基因的耐药菌株与其他菌株的膜蛋白图谱差异较大,其膜蛋白条带多而深浓,在45 000处有明显的条带,其他菌株无该条带,推测该蛋白可能是膜主动外排的相关蛋白.本试验结果佐证了在链球菌内存在与红霉素耐药相关的主动外排机制.