Detection of Frozen-Thawed Cycles for Frozen Tilapia (Oreochromis) Fillets Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Due to the ambient temperature fluctuation during the process of storage, transportation, and sale, frozen fillets may go through frozen-thawed cycles that result in quality changes. In order to detect the frozen-thawed cycles in frozen tilapia fillets, near infrared spectroscopy was applied. The thawing loss, cooking loss, moisture content, total volatile basic nitrogen, and texture profile of fillets in seven frozen-thawed cycles were analyzed to reflect the change of quality. A total of 60 fillets were used to collect the spectra on both dorsal and belly flesh in frozen and thawed state from the first to the seventh cycle. The results showed that there is a better discrimination among the once and the repeated frozen-thawed samples in the frozen state than the thawed state. Frozen samples were still conducive to the differentiation and had higher classification accuracy, ranging from 80% to 93.33%. Dorsal flesh was more beneficial for the differentiation than belly flesh and had the highest accuracy, ranging from 86.67% to 93.33% in the frozen state. These results showed that the nondestructive and fast detection of repeated frozen-thawed cycles in frozen tilapia fillets can be accomplished by near infrared spectroscopy, which has enormous potential for practical application.     

干湿循环下云南非饱和红土土—水特性研究

以云南红土为研究对象,以脱湿、吸湿引起的干湿循环作为控制条件,考虑初始干密度(1.20,1.25,1.30g/cm3)、初始含水率(30.0%,33.0%,36.0%)、预固结压力(0,50,100,200kPa)、过筛粒径(0.5,1.0,2.0mm)等影响因素,通过压力板仪法,研究干湿循环下云南非饱和红土的土—水作用特性。结果表明:干湿循环过程中,不同影响因素下红土的基质吸力随含水率的增大而减小,其土—水特征曲线呈直线型或"倒J"形,其脱湿变化过程可以分为快速脱湿、缓慢脱湿、稳定脱湿3个阶段,对应的吸湿变化过程也可以分为快速吸湿、缓慢吸湿、稳定吸湿3个阶段。相同基质吸力下,随初始干密度、初始含水率、预固结压力的增大,红土的含水率增大;随粒径的增大,红土的含水率减小。初始干密度、预固结压力、粒径(0.5mm除外)影响下的红土的土—水特征曲线可采用幂函数关系进行拟合,不同初始含水率、粒径0.5mm时的土—水特征曲线可采用线性函数关系进行拟合。红土脱湿过程的含水率高于吸湿过程的含水率,脱湿—吸湿过程中的土—水特征曲线存在滞后现象,其实质在于干湿循环作用下红土具有孔隙效应、瓶颈效应、角度效应的综合结果。     

干湿交替和外源氮对农田土壤CO2和N2O释放的影响

以黄淮海平原潮土区的砂壤土和黏壤土为研究对象,通过培养试验研究了干湿交替(干湿频率分别为0、2、6、12次)和外源氮(2种土壤中添加氮累计量均为220 mg N·100g~(-1)干土)下砂壤土和黏壤土的CO_2和N_2O释放模式的影响。结果表明,干湿交替和外加氮源显著激发了砂壤土和黏壤土的CO_2和N_2O的释放速率:干燥期越长,外加N源对土壤CO_2释放速率的激发效应越强;干燥期越短,外加N源对土壤N_2O释放速率的激发效应越强。两种土壤的CO_2和N_2O的释放速率对干湿交替的响应模式一致,砂壤土的碳氮矿化速率对干湿交替响应更为强烈,砂壤土的可溶性有机碳和无机氮(NO-3和NH+4)含量及温室气体排放速率均高于黏壤土。在外加氮源的条件下,干湿交替显著提高了砂壤土和黏壤土中可溶性有机碳和无机氮的含量,增大了实际生产中农田土壤无机氮淋失和温室气体排放的可能性。     

W-OH砒砂岩固结体干湿循环特性及其细观机理

[目的]对W-OH砒砂岩固结体干湿循环特性及其细观机理进行研究,为实现W-OH固结改良砒砂岩及其耐久性研究提供科学依据。[方法]采用W-OH(亲水性聚氨酯材料)对砒砂岩进行固结处理,基于无侧限抗压试验、三轴抗压试验,研究其在干湿循环条件下的力学性能,并结合SEM,EDS和称重法对其干湿循环后样品微观结构、元素和质量损失进行分析,以获得其破坏机理。[结果]W-OH砒砂岩固结体的无侧限抗压强度、弹性模量和黏聚力在1～3次干湿循环后升高;在3～9次干湿循环后,固结体的力学强度降低;9次之后,剩下高黏结力的W-OH胶结体包裹于砒砂岩颗粒表面,力学强度趋于稳定。内摩擦角在1～9次干湿循环后上下波动,9次干湿循环后趋于稳定。采用碳元素分析和质量损失分析相结合的方法对土样中W-OH流失特性进行评价,发现土样在1～9次干湿循环中W-OH胶结体逐渐降低,并在9次干湿循环后达到稳定,这与上述宏观力学变化的规律相似,验证了破坏机理,为判断其长期特性提供理论依据。[结论]研究表明可将9次干湿循环后达到稳定的W-OH砒砂岩固结体的力学性质作为土体的长期力学特性。     

六氯苯胁迫对干湿交替运行人工湿地典型植物根系分泌物的影响

构建人工湿地微宇宙根箱,对六氯苯(Hexachlorobenzene,HCB)胁迫下不同水分条件的人工湿地典型植物——芦苇(Phragmites australis)和香蒲(Typha angustifolia)土壤中根系分泌物总糖、蛋白质和氨基酸进行检测,分析两种湿地植物根系分泌物在干湿交替下的变化特征。结果表明:芦苇和香蒲具有明显的根际效应(R/S1),根系分泌物含量变幅为根际土近根际土远根际土,且氨基酸∶蛋白质∶总糖含量的比值为2.9∶3.9∶3.3;香蒲根系分泌物含量高于芦苇,两者差异不显著(P0.05);排水(Water draining,WD)条件较淹水(Water flooding,WF)条件能显著增加芦苇和香蒲的根系分泌物(P0.05)。干湿交替更有利于促进芦苇和香蒲根系分泌物的增加及HCB降解,能促进水生植物形成较好的根际环境,进而影响湿地系统对HCB的去除效果。     

Modeling aerobic decomposition of rice straw during the off-rice season in an Andisol paddy soil in a cold temperate region of Japan: Effects of soil temperature and moisture

Submerged rice paddies are a major source of methane (CH₄) which is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO₂). Accelerating rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season could help to reduce CH₄ emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in cold temperate regions. For understanding how both temperature and moisture can affect the rate of rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season in the cold temperate region of Tohoku district, Japan, a modeling incubation experiment was carried out in the laboratory. Bulk soil and soil mixed with 2% of δ¹³C-labeled rice straw with a full factorial combination of four temperature levels (?5 to 5, 5, 15, 25°C) and two moisture levels (60% and 100% WFPS) were incubated for 24 weeks. The daily change from ?5 to 5°C was used to model the freezing–thawing cycles occurring during the winter season. The rates of rice straw decomposition were calculated by (i) CO₂ production; (ii) change in the soil organic carbon (SOC) content; and (iii) change in the δ¹³C value of SOC. The results indicated that both temperature and moisture affected the rate of rice straw decomposition during the 24-week aerobic incubation period. Rates of rice straw decomposition increased not only with high temperature, but also with high moisture conditions. The rates of rice straw decomposition were more accurately calculated by CO₂ production compared to those calculated by the change in the SOC content, or in its δ¹³C value. Under high moisture at 100% WFPS condition, the rates of rice straw decomposition were 14.0, 22.2, 33.5 and 46.2% at ?5 to 5, 5, 15 and 25°C temperature treatments, respectively. While under low moisture at 60% WFPS condition, these rates were 12.7, 18.3, 31.2 and 38.4%, respectively. The Q₁₀ of rice straw decomposition was higher between ?5 to 5 and 5°C than that between 5 and 15°C and that between 15 and 25°C. Daily freezing–thawing cycles (from ?5 to 5°C) did not stimulate rice straw decomposition compared with low temperature at 5°C. This study implies that to reduce CH₄ emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in the cold temperate regions, enhancing rice straw decomposition during the high temperature period is very important.     

风沙吹蚀与干湿循环作用下风积沙混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀机理

针对风蚀区盐湖及盐渍土环境下服役的混凝土,配制满足特殊环境下工程要求的风积沙混凝土.分析风沙吹蚀与干湿循环耦合作用下风积沙混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀的损伤过程,借助超景深三维显微镜、X射线衍射物相分析、核磁共振孔隙分析等手段探讨风积沙混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀耐久性机理.研究表明风沙吹蚀对混凝土表面产生破坏,干湿循环对混凝土内部造成损伤;风沙吹蚀对混凝土表面造成的“吹蚀坑”可为盐离子入侵混凝土内部提供“通道”;氯盐侵蚀后生成以Friedel盐为代表的腐蚀结晶物,可填充1～4 nm胶凝孔,消耗Ca(OH)2等有效物质,迫使4～10nm小毛细孔增多,随盐蚀损伤程度加剧,10～20 nm中毛细孔和20～100 nm大毛细孔向＞100 nm非毛细孔发展,非毛细孔彼此贯通产生裂纹,致使混凝土加速破坏.该研究可为风积沙混凝土在风蚀区氯盐环境下农业水利工程建设与应用提供依据.     

麦冬水提物对猫肾细胞的影响研究

麦冬是我国传统中药之一,兼备保健和治疗作用。为了探究麦冬能否应用在宠物食品中,本试验以不同浓度的麦冬水提物(3.91~8000μg/mL)为受试药物,从细胞的形态、增殖、凋亡及周期4个方面对猫肾细胞(F81)进行安全性评价。结果表明:在试验浓度范围内,麦冬水提物没有抑制F81的增殖,且在3.91~62.5μg/mL的浓度范围内,凋亡及周期结果经统计学分析均无显著性差异,与对照组接近,且细胞形态良好。说明在一定浓度范围内,麦冬水提物对F81细胞无毒害作用。     

1980—2009年合肥地区地表干湿变化及作物灾损评估研究

利用基于作物潜在蒸散建立的相对湿润度指数和作物灾损率指标,分析1980—2009年合肥地区6个气象台站的常规观测资料和作物产量数据,研究合肥地区地表干湿状况变化和典型作物受旱的灾损情况,通过分析作物灾损率以及其与相对湿润度指数的关系,建立合肥地区两种典型作物(小麦和水稻)关于相对湿润度指数的旱灾风险等级标准。结果表明:30年间合肥地区相对湿润度指数均属正常偏湿状态,南部地区较北部偏湿,同时地表湿润状况存在0.048/10年的变干趋势。冬小麦关于相对湿润度指数累计值的不同干旱等级(轻、中、重旱)指数界限值为-2.0983和-3.4281,水稻为-0.9371和-2.5660。合肥地区水稻对土壤水分胁迫的耐受力较冬小麦弱,因受旱导致减产的风险较大。     

In vitro suppression of quercetin on hypertrophy and extracellular matrix accumulation in rat glomerular mesangial cells cultured by high glucose

Quercetin's protective effects on the glomerulosclerosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in rat mesangial cells were investigated. The cell cycles, type IV collagen and laminin, TGF-β₁ mRNA, Smad 2/3 and Smad 7, and activities of cell antioxidases were measured. Compared with the high glucose group, quercetin may decrease the cell percentages of G₀/G₁ phase, Smad 2/3 expression, laminin and type IV collagen, and TGF-β₁ mRNA level significantly. The antioxidant capacity, the cell percentages of S phase and Smad 7 expression was significantly increased by quercetin. These results suggest that quercetin is a protective agent against glomerulosclerosis in DN.