Effects on soils and leaching after application of dolomite to an acidified forested catchment in the Lake Gårdsjön watershed,south-west Sweden

The dry forest soils (80%) of a 3.3 ha catchment in Gårdsjön, were treated with 1.5 ton/ha dolomite in 1984. In half the catchment an additional dose of 4.5 ton/ha was added in 1986 (i.e. totaly 6 ton/ha). By 1991 the concentrations of exchangeable calcium and magnesium had increased by 450% to 800% in the humus layer and upper 0–5 cm of the mineral soils and by 500% and 300%, respectively, in the 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depth in the 6 ton/ha part. By 1.5 ton, Ca and Mg increased in humus and 0–5 cm in the mineral soil. Potassium decreased in the humus and the mineral soil with both 1.5 ton and 6 ton per ha. The accumulated output of K by runoff was however only 1 kg during the 6 years until 1992, which indicates that the losses from the soil also may have resulted in increased uptake by the forest. Tree growth and nutrient content in current needles was, however, unchanged. Increased contents of Mg, Ca and Zn was observed in some species of ground vegetation. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations and fluxes in runoff were identical to the reference catchment, while inorganic Al and Mn decreased by 40–50% and H⁺ by 30%. The accumulated extra output by runoff of Mg was about 7% and of Ca 0.6% of the amounts applied by the two treatments in 1984 and 1986.     

Effect of calcareous and siliceous amendments on N2O emissions of a grassland soil

Liming of acidic agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, as increased soil pH reduces the N₂O/N₂ product ratio of denitrification. The capacity of different calcareous (calcite and dolomite) and siliceous minerals to increase soil pH and reduce N₂O emissions was assessed in a 2-year grassland field experiment. An associated pot experiment was conducted using homogenized field soils for controlling spatial soil variability. Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic with emission peaks in response to freezing–thawing and application of NPK fertilizer. Liming with dolomite caused a pH increase from 5.1 to 6.2 and reduced N₂O emissions by 30% and 60% after application of NPK fertilizer and freezing–thawing events, respectively. Over the course of the 2-year field trial, N₂O emissions were significantly lower in dolomite-limed than non-limed soil (p < .05), although this effect was variable over time. Unexpectedly, no significant reduction of N₂O emission was found in the calcite treatment, despite the largest pH increase in all tested minerals. We tentatively attribute this to increased N₂O production by overall increase in nitrogen turnover rates (both nitrification and denitrification) following rapid pH increase in the first year after liming. Siliceous materials showed little pH effect and had no significant effect on N₂O emissions probably because of their lower buffering capacity and lower cation content. In the pot experiment using soils taken from the field plots 3 years after liming and exposing them to natural freezing–thawing, both calcite (p < .01) and dolomite (p < .05) significantly reduced cumulative N₂O emission by 50% and 30%, respectively, relative to the non-limed control. These results demonstrate that the overall effect of liming is to reduce N₂O emission, although high lime doses may lead to a transiently enhanced emission.     

膨润土褐铁矿改性白云石催化松木棒气化工艺优化

针对白云石催化剂在生物质催化气化过程中易碎、易产生积碳失活问题,为提高其催化活性、抗积碳和再生性能,采用固定床下吸式气化炉试验系统,以Fe-Dol-Ben(膨润土/褐铁矿改性白云石)为催化剂,松木屑废料经成型为棒状颗粒为原料,进行高温水蒸气催化气化试验。研究气化温度(700～1000℃)、铁含量(质量分数为5%～20%)以及催化剂使用次数(1～4)等因素对松木棒催化气化性能及催化剂表面积碳影响。试验结果表明,水蒸气和松木棒的质量比(气料比)为1,催化剂的铁质量分数为15%,气化温度为900℃时气化气中氢气的体积分数达到最大值58.38%,Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂积碳量随气化温度升高逐渐减小,试验区间内1 000℃时达到最小值,较700℃减少了80%。气化气中氢气的体积分数随铁含量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,积碳量呈先降低后增加,在铁质量分数为15%催化效果较好。Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂较相同条件下分别用膨润土及改性前白云石催化时积碳量分别减少了80.6%和53.6%。对催化剂进行再生再利用试验表明,使用后的Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂进行700℃煅烧再生后,其晶相与催化前基本相同,将其多次再生循环利用,随着使用次数的增加气化气中氢气的体积分数逐渐降低,催化剂的积碳量逐渐增大,使用4次并用于催化气化时氢气的体积分数仍接近50%,保持较好催化效果。综合气化效果、积碳量及经济性因素,Fe-Dol-Ben铁质量分数为15%,气化温度选取900℃为较理想工况。该研究可为改性白云石Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂的研制及生物质高温水蒸汽催化气化技术提供参考。     

白云石基多孔陶瓷负载Al2O3催化生物质热解试验

针对生物质热解催化剂煅烧白云石存在机械强度低、容易破碎的问题,提出以白云石和石英砂作为陶瓷主要骨料,烧制后经浓度0. 3、0. 5、1. 0 mol/L Al_2(SO_4)_3溶液处理,制成具有较高机械强度的白云石基多孔陶瓷;以制备的负载Al_2O_3的白云石基多孔陶瓷为催化剂,在水平管式炉上开展玉米秸秆粉催化快速热解试验。结果表明:当白云石与石英砂配比分别为30:70、40:60、45:55、50:50时,随着白云石所占比例的增加,生物油的产率先增大、后减小,生物炭的产率则先减小、后增大,当配比为40∶60时,存在生物油最大产率36. 85%,生物炭最低产率25. 11%。随着Al_2(SO_4)_3溶液浓度的提高,生物油的产率不断减小,生物炭的产率先减小、后又增大,与未经Al2(SO4)3溶液处理相比,生物油产率的降低幅度分别为10. 69%、15. 33%、21. 55%。生物油中醇类物质的相对含量略有增加,酮类、酸类、醛类物质的相对含量逐渐减小,但与不使用催化剂、未经Al_2(SO_4)_3溶液处理时相比,酚类物质的相对含量有显著提高,表明Al2O3的存在有利于酚类物质的生成。热解所产生的不可冷凝生物气主要成分为CO、CO_2、CH_4、H_2,其中CO_2的体积分数最高,约占63%,其次是CO,约占32%。加入制备的白云石基多孔陶瓷后,CO_2、CH_4和H_2的体积分数提高,CO的体积分数降低。     

Effects of difference in fertilization treatments on nitrification activity in tea soils

Abstract

It is generally recognized that the nitrification activity in acid soils is very low. Indeed, nitrification in mineral soils has been found to be negligible at pH values below 5.0 (Dancer et al. 1973; Nyborg and Hoyt 1978). However, it was reported that autotrophic nitrification occurred in some tea soils at pH levels far below 5.0 (Walker and Wickramasinghe 1979; Hayatsu and Kosuge 1993). An acidophilic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium has been recently isolated from strongly acidic tea soils in Japan (Hayatsu 1993). On the other hand, fertilization has-been considered to be an important factor influencing nitrification in agricultural soils. For example, several studies have shown that the addition of ammoniacal fertilizer to soils can lead to the increase of the populations of Nitrosomonas (McLaren 1971; Ardakani et al. 1974). Liming of acidic soils also tends to stimulate the nitrification activity (Dancer et al. 1973; Nyborg and Hoyt 1978). Although nitrification has been studied in a wide variety of agricultural soils, there is little information available on nitrification in tea soils. The effect of fertilization on nitrification in tea soils is poorly documented.     

Protocol to Quantify the Reactivity of Carbonate Limestone for Horticultural Substrates

Abstract

The current method for comparing the reactivity of different limestones used to correct pH in horticultural substrates is based on batch trials, where the limestones are incorporated into the substrate and the pH is measured over time (typically up to 28 days). The objective was to test a laboratory approach to provide a rapid analytical test on reactivity of various limestone sources. To a lime sample, 4M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was added, and the volume of carbon dioxide (CO₂) released into a burette was measured over time. Reagent‐grade calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and two commercially available pulverized dolomitic limestones were tested. In addition, six particle‐size fractions derived from each of the limestone samples were also evaluated for reaction rate and the corresponding pH responses. In less than 1 min after acid addition, 100% of CaCO₃ reacted, whereas it took 3.9 and 11.5 min, respectively, for 50% of the limestone samples to react, and 14 and 52 min, respectively, for 90% neutralization. Reaction rate increased as the particle size decreased; however, a similar reaction rate was observed for the particle sizes larger than 150 µm (>100 U.S. mesh). Time to 90% reaction was negatively correlated with pH response when 6 g of each lime was incorporated per L of peat substrate. It may be possible to establish a lime reactivity index, for example based on the time required for 50% or 90% reaction, and thereby provide a rapid screening of different limestone sources.     

灰质白云岩土壤有机碳的团聚体保护

采集喀斯特地区灰质白云岩发育的乔木林下土壤,全部湿筛分为>5mm,5～2mm,2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm共5个粒级团聚体,再将5个粒级团聚体进行碳水化合物提取后后再次分别湿筛,收集>5mm,5～2mm,2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm共5个粒级的团聚体样品.对两次湿筛中5个粒级的土壤分别进行团聚体含量、土壤有机碳、土壤可氧化态有机碳测定,分析土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤有机碳、土壤可氧化态有机碳的关系.结果表明:灰质白云岩乔木林下土壤在经过提取碳水化合物的第二次湿筛后,大粒级团聚体(>5mm,5～2mm)向小粒级(2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm)转移;有机碳主要存在于较大粒级团聚体中,但各粒级团聚体有机碳并不随之转移;各粒径团聚体可氧化态碳含量均减少,但较大粒级(>5mm,5～2mm)可氧化态有机碳含量多,较小粒级(2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm)可氧化态有机碳含量少,故推测较大粒级团聚体(>2mm)保护土壤活性有机碳能力比较小粒级团聚体(<2mm)强.     

煅烧对白云石治酸效果及其钙镁释放动力学特性的影响

针对中国土壤普遍酸化,而用石灰治理会导致土壤板结,用碱性工业废弃物治理又有二次污染风险等问题,该研究在低温煅烧工艺下,研究了白云石颗粒大小、煅烧时间对白云石碱度、微结构、钙镁释放动力学特征的影响,旨在为开发既能治酸改土又能供应钙镁养分的白云石煅烧工艺提供理论依据。研究提出了总碱度和短期累积碱度2个概念。结果表明:粒径从0.15到3 mm的白云石,经过1 h煅烧后,总碱度增加了78%、短期累积碱度提高了1 100倍。粒径为1～3 mm的煅烧白云石在煅烧1～3 h后钙镁的释放速率快慢的规律一致,以煅烧2 h后释放速率最快。钙、镁释放曲线可用Parabolic、一级动力学、Richards和Bertallanffy方程进行拟合。其中Bertallanffy修正方程最适于描述煅烧白云石CaO释放的规律;Richards和Bertallanffy修正方程适于定量描述MgO的释放规律。由此可见,白云石煅烧后具有较高治酸潜力(总碱度)又有较大的治酸强度(短期累积碱度),并且能促进钙镁的释放,钙镁供肥量可用Richards和Bertallanffy修正方程预测预报。就粒径1～3 mm的白云石而言,煅烧1 h是增加其总碱度的经济煅烧时间,但是促进其快速裂解、提高其治酸强度和钙镁有效性的最佳煅烧工艺是850℃和2 h。     

石灰岩与白云岩坡地土壤饱和导水率对比研究

[目的]对比研究不同下垫面特征和土地利用方式对两类坡地表层土壤性质及其土壤饱和导水率(Ks)的影响。[方法]以喀斯特地区不同岩性下垫面的石灰岩和白云岩两类坡地表层土壤为研究对象,采用Guleph稳定入渗仪和土壤分析的方法。[结果](1)石灰岩和白云岩表层土壤在受到放牧作用影响后,土壤均呈现显著退化趋势,其容重、黏粒含量增大,孔隙度、有机质含量降低。(2)石灰岩和白云岩两类坡地表层土壤在未受到人为干扰的自然植被条件下,由于表层岩溶带的发育,Ks都很高,平均值分别为328.6和257.2mm/h。其中,石灰岩坡地相比白云岩坡地,Ks具有更高的空间变异性,二者Ks变异系数变化范围分别为90.71%~95.62%和59.60%~67.32%。(3)受到放牧作用影响后,石灰岩和白云岩坡地表层土壤Ks相比自然植被状态下呈显著降低趋势,Ks分别降低52.2%和86.7%,白云岩坡地Ks降低程度大,高于石灰岩坡地。     

生物质热解气化行为的研究

以固定床为气化反应器,对生物质水蒸气气化的特性进行了一系列实验研究。气化介质水蒸气为一定温度下的蒸汽,由一定流量的氮气载入反应体系内。实验探讨了采用杨木屑作为气化原料时,气化温度、以原料浸泡方式加入的催化剂类型、水蒸气加入量等主要参数对气体产量的影响。结果表明:在较高气化温度下,白云石催化剂中铁含量越多,比表面积越大,中孔越多,水蒸气加入量越多,对气化反应越有利。在原料量1500mg、反应温度900℃、水蒸气蒸发温度48℃、陕西白云石催化剂状态下得到的最高氢气产量为5.95mL/min。