Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

基于南方红壤耕地气压深松铲的设计与深松仿真分析

针对现有深松机在红壤耕地犁底层土壤深松阻力大、幅宽小、效率低等问题,设计一种基于气压劈裂的气压深松铲。采用CFD软件建立南方耕地红壤犁底层土壤的模型进行深松气压范围标定,并针对相同气压2 MPa下不同容重犁底层土壤的扩散特性进行研究。结果表明:红壤犁底层容重1.8g/cm~3土壤的有效起劈气压范围为1.6～2.4MPa;容重1.6g/cm~3、1.8g/cm~3的犁底层土壤裂隙主要沿水平方向扩散,容重1.4g/cm~3的犁底层土壤裂隙则同时沿竖直方向与水平方向扩散;容重越大的犁底层土壤,深松效果越好。     

Do tillage and conversion of grassland to cropland always deplete soil organic carbon?

ABSTRACT

Conversion of grassland to cropland is widely reported to deplete soil organic carbon (SOC) largely due to tillage effects on the decomposition of SOC. However, most studies report on long-term changes in SOC following the conversion and little is known about the changes in the short term. Net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) measures the difference between total C input (i.e., manure, above- and below-ground plant residues) and C loss through heterotrophic respiration (RH). However, most studies that report temporal SOC do not report other components of the NECB like RH, total C inputs and often do not include the cumulative annualized change of these components. This review evaluated the change in C input, RH, NECB and SOC after conversion of permanent/continuous grassland to cropland within 5 years after the conversion. We also reviewed and compared no-tillage and conventional tillage on SOC storage and accumulation. Total C input was higher in grassland than cropland largely due to high root biomass, as opposed to aboveground residue, and therefore grassland tended to have higher NECB. Despite higher NECB in grassland, the SOC stocks in cropland (cornfield) converted from grassland were greater than that in continuous grassland within first 2–3 years of conversion. The combination of manure C addition and tillage in cropland showed potential to maintain NECB and increase SOC. Within the continuous grassland C addition alone increased NECB but did not result in a corresponding increase in SOC. Residue retention and manure addition are recognized as good practices for increasing SOC, this study however, shows that combining them with occasional tillage, especially in managed grasslands, could increase the rate of SOC storage in soils.     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

果园有机肥深施机分层变量排肥控制系统设计与试验

果园不同深度的土壤养分不同，果树根系分层吸肥能力不同，有机肥分层变量深施可以解决传统施肥存在的养分分布不均和肥料利用率低等问题。针对有机肥分层变量深施的排肥控制问题，本文设计了排肥控制系统，可以根据用户设置的各层理论排肥量和作业速度，实时计算液压马达的理论转速，并采用PID算法控制比例流量阀开度，调节马达转速驱动螺旋输送器排肥，实现分层变量排肥。将AMESim中建立的液压系统模型与在Matlab/Simulink中建立的控制模型进行联合仿真，整定PID参数。液压马达转速调节性能试验中最大超调量为14r/min，达到稳定转速的时间最大为6s，控制性能较好，表明通过AMESim-Matlab/Simulink联合仿真，能够快速便捷地整定PID参数，结果准确可靠。排肥控制性能试验中排肥量相对误差最大6.20%，变异系数最大8.69%，排肥量准确性和均匀性均达到要求。设计的控制系统具有较好的性能，能为果园有机肥分层变量深施提供技术支撑。     

竹花叶病毒浙江麻竹分离物全基因组序列及siRNA分析

正已知有3种病毒可在自然条件下侵染竹类植物,即竹花叶病毒(bamboo mosaic virus,BaMV)~[1]、樱桃坏死锈斑驳病毒(cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus,CNRMV)和苹果茎沟病毒(apple stem grooving virus,ASGV)~[2,3]。其中,BaMV是最早在巴西的金竹(Bambusa vulgaris Cv.)和孝顺竹     

面向养殖水体分布差异的COD光谱法检测研究

面向养殖水体，传统光谱法对化学需氧量（Chemical Oxygen Demand，COD）检测模型构建的基础：源域（现有样本库）与目标域（检测地水体）间光谱数据独立同分布。但是当源域与目标域分布间存在差异时，由源域得到的低误差模型常在目标域上表现下滑。针对该问题，提出面向UV Vis光谱的域对抗训练网络（DAUVwpNet），将分布不同的源域和目标域数据映射至相同分布的特征空间中，使其在该空间的分布距离尽可能接近，从而在特征空间中对源域训练的目标函数也可以迁移至目标域上，以降低模型在目标域的误差。试验表明：面向同一批测试数据，DAUVwpNet的预测误差为0.78，要低于传统模型的预测误差（0.85）；DAUVwpNet预测值与实测值间相关系数为0.95，要高于传统模型的相关系数（0.89）。表明了该网络能够较好对齐两域特征空间数据分布，降低因分布差异带来的COD检测误差。     

Tillage and crop straw methods affect energy use efficiency,economics and greenhouse gas emissions in rainfed winter wheat field of Loess Plateau in China

Data from a field experiment conducted in China's Loess Plateau (2013–2015) were used to determine the energy balance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by tillage and straw treatments. Tillage treatments included chisel plow, no tillage, and mouldboard plow. Crop straw levels included straw returning and straw removed. The energy balance was evaluated by comparing the following parameters: net energy, energy profitability, energy use efficiency, and energy intensity. The yield parameters were significantly influenced by the tillage treatments and revealed that the chisel plow entailed fewer field operations and lower energy requirements with a higher yield than mouldboard plowing tillage. The highest proportion of energy input came from a nitrogen fertiliser, followed by diesel fuel. The total energy input applied per hectare increased with an increase in the tillage intensity, and the lowest energy input was required for the no tillage case with the straw returning treatment, and the highest for the case of mouldboard plow with the straw returning treatment. The lowest average energy intensity was recorded for the no tillage case, followed by the case of chisel plow tillage in both cropping seasons. Moreover, in the case of mouldboard plough tillage, the maximum energy intensity was recorded in both cropping seasons. In the cases of the chisel plow tillage and the no tillage, we observed the maximum energy gain, while in the no tillage case, we observed the maximum energy use efficiency. The net return and the benefit/cost ratio were higher in the case of straw returning than those in the case of no straw treatment. We concluded that no tillage and chisel plow tillage with straw returning could improve the energy use efficiency and the benefit/cost ratio of winter wheat production systems.     

Are all three components of conservation agriculture necessary for soil conservation in the Sudan Savanna?

ABSTRACT

Conservation agriculture (CA) as recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations consists of three components: minimum soil disturbance, soil cover, and crop rotation/association. CA was expected to become an effective countermeasure against water erosion in the Sudan Savanna, but it has not been adopted by local smallholder farmers. As markets for grain legumes (including cowpea) have not been developed in the Sudan Savanna, crop rotation/association should be considered impractical for these farmers. Therefore, we examined whether legume intercropping as a crop rotation/association component is necessary for preventing soil erosion in the Sudan Savanna. Three-year field experiments were conducted in runoff plots at Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research Saria station. The four treatments were conventional practice (full tillage, no sorghum residue mulching, and no intercropping), two-component CA (minimum tillage (MT) and sorghum residue mulching without intercropping), and three-component CA with velvet bean (VB) or pigeon pea (PP) intercropping. It was revealed that: (1) MT and sorghum residue mulching (without intercropping) effectively reduced the annual soil loss by 54% mainly due to the improvement of soil permeability by the boring of termites and wolf spiders found under the sorghum stover mulch; (2) intercropping in combination with MT and crop residue mulching had no effect on soil erosion control mainly because: (a) PP did not survive the long dry season; (b) VB did not serve effectively as a cover crop since soil loss was concentrated at the beginning of the rainy season when VB was still too small; (c) unexpectedly, in combination with MT and crop residue mulching, intercropping with VB did not increase mulch biomass, especially sorghum biomass which prompts the boring of termites and wolf spiders. These results demonstrate that the third component of CA, namely legume intercropping, is not always necessary; rather, the two remaining components – minimum soil disturbance and soil cover – are sufficient for soil conservation in the Sudan Savanna. This finding lightens the burden of adopting CA and thus facilitates its future promotion to the smallholder farmers in the Sudan Savanna.     

全籽粒大豆制备油豆腐工艺参数优化

油豆腐是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品,为了提高原料利用率和产品功能性,该试验以全豆为原料,研究新型全籽粒油豆腐的制备工艺。首先研究并优化了纤维素酶酶解豆浆工艺,以还原糖浓度为指标,建立了优化工艺的Box-Behnken模型。其次,以感官评价为标准,研究油炸工艺对全籽粒油豆腐色泽、含油率和硬度的影响,最后,对全籽粒油豆腐的成分进行了测定。结果表明:最佳酶解条件为加酶量0.53%、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间160 min,在此条件下还原糖浓度约为2.9433 mg/m L;在油炸温度为170℃,油炸时间为4 min时,全籽粒油豆腐的感官品质最好(感官评价95分),在此条件下制得的全籽粒油豆腐的白度L*值为60.22,红度a*值为10.85,黄度b*值为37.80,含油率为15.6%,硬度为2 972 g。与传统豆腐相比,全籽粒豆腐和全籽粒油豆腐中总黄酮和总酚等生物活性成分含量均有提高,总黄酮质量分数分别提高14.53%和7.93%,总酚质量分数分别提高18.95%和82.11%。