Effects of commercial thinning,log position in the stem,and cutting width on the surface quality of cants produced by a chipper-canter

Fifteen stems of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) of 3 commercial thinned plots (control, moderate, and intensive thinning) and 15 stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P), both coming from the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region – Canada, were cross-cut into three 2.4?m length sections: bottom, middle, and top logs. Logs were processed with a chipper-canter at three cutting widths (12.7, 19.1, and 25.4?mm), producing chips and a three-faced cant. The middle section of the cant was used to evaluate surface quality across the grain on each face. Roughness and waviness parameters and depth of torn grain were recorded. Knot characteristics were assessed in the three cant faces. Poorer surface quality was found in the lower part compared to the upper part of the cant for both species. At larger cutting widths, jack pine logs coming from a natural stand showed lower surface quality compared to logs from thinned stands. Black spruce waviness increased with the cutting width and stem height. These results were attributed to the increase of forces and vibration when cutting at larger cutting widths, which was worsened by the presence of bigger, more numerous knots at the control plot and in the top logs. Black spruce had deeper torn grain compared to jack pine. Their differences in knot characteristics resulted in a maximum torn grain depth favored by the presence of more knots rather than by bigger knot size. Other knot characteristics, such as the position of the knots in the cant face, the insertion angle of the branch and the distribution of the knots around the log, should be studied to better understand the relationship between torn grain formation and knottiness.     

割前摘脱收获机立式离心分离复脱清选装置优化

针对水稻割前摘脱脱出物草谷比低和处理量大的特点,为提高谷物脱出物的处理能力,设计了一种可循环喂入的立式离心分离复脱清选装置并对其进行了响应面优化试验。以喂入速度和螺旋输送器转速为影响因素,以分离率、复脱率和破碎率为试验指标,通过二次正交旋转中心组合试验得到了其性能指标和工作参数的响应曲面模型。利用Design-Expert软件分析各参数对性能指标的交互作用可知,输送器转速对分离率、复脱率和破碎率的影响较大,而喂入速度则较小。通过多目标优化,得到最佳工作参数:输送器转速541.4 r/min、喂入量1.226 kg/s;在该参数组合下的期望结果:分离率为90.4%、复脱率为66.1%、破碎率为0.77%;在该参数组合下的验证性试验结果:分离率为89.4%、复脱率为65.2%、破碎率为0.83%。结果表明立式离心分离复脱清选装置处理效率高,谷物损伤小,能够适应对割前摘脱脱出物的处理要求。     

Divergent effects of defoliation intensity and frequency on tiller growth and production dynamics of Pascopyrum smithii and Hesperostipa comata

Rotational stocking theoretically enables regrazing of regrowth, but regrowth may be limited in xerophytic vegetation. We tested the hypothesis that regrowth would be slow and fixed in Hesperostipa comata (a caespitose, drought‐tolerant grass), while growth would be flexible in Pascopyrum smithii (a rhizomatous, less drought‐tolerant grass) under increasing defoliation and moisture, by assessing tiller growth rates, population dynamics and plant yield on marked plants in a Dry Mixed Grass prairie. Plots were clipped in late summer to simulate a deferred control, or intermittently during the growing season (May–August) at high intensity–low frequency (HILF), low intensity–high frequency (LIHF) or high intensity–high frequency and crossed with two water treatments (ambient and addition) in both a xeric upland and a mesic lowland. Growing season defoliation increased tiller growth rates of P. smithii in the upland, whereas HILF and LIHF reduced growth in the lowland. All defoliation regimes increased tiller growth for H. comata. Tiller populations of H. comata increased with frequent defoliation, while tiller populations of P. smithii decreased regardless of defoliation regime. Frequent defoliation, regardless of intensity, reduced yield relative to the deferred control for both grasses. While water addition consistently increased growth rates and reduced differences in tiller number among defoliation treatments, the regrowth of both grasses remained similar under varied defoliation with ambient moisture. High moisture conditions also promoted regrowth more in P. smithii compared to H. comata. In summary, neither grass species displayed an inherently fixed or flexible tiller or plant yield response in response to defoliation or moisture.     

割茎对党参产量和含量的影响

在生长期对潞党参地上部分进行割茎，保留地上部分高度20cm，于秋季10月20日至11月30日采挖，观察各处理对产量和含量的影响。结果表明：9月25日对党参地上部分割除，地上部分距离地面保留20cm，10月20日-11月20日采挖，党参产量、根长、根粗、根重较对照都有所提高，其中10月20日产量较对照增加率最高，产量提高5.71%；10月20日根长增加最多为19.68%，10月30日根径增加25.67%，根重增加14.00%，浸出物提升2.80%。     

基于图像特征的小麦胚芽鞘识别

利用图像颜色特征,首先分割小麦种子图像进而确定小麦种子轮廓矩,根据其轮廓距确定小麦种子质心坐标,然后根据小麦胚芽鞘图像颜色特征对胚芽鞘图像进行分割、获取小麦胚芽鞘图像,其次利用Zhang-Suen并行快速细化算法对小麦胚芽鞘进行细化获取胚芽鞘骨骼线,进而获取骨骼线图像(单像素)上所有点对胚芽鞘骨骼线进行多段直线曲线近似,最后根据小麦种子轮廓质心坐标、胚芽鞘骨骼线近似曲线和切割距离(给定)确定胚芽鞘的姿态和对小麦胚芽鞘切割点位置进行定位。通过对小麦胚芽鞘30幅图片进行图像处理验证。结果表明,该方法能完整地提取小麦种子和胚芽鞘图像、小麦胚芽鞘姿态及位置信息。基于图像颜色特征的小麦胚芽鞘识别及定位方法,为小麦胚芽鞘的识别与分析提供了准确、快捷、可视的技术手段,对于构建胚芽鞘智能识别、定位的视觉系统及自动化切割装置的研究意义重大。     

生根剂处理对于茶树嫩枝扦插内源激素水平和繁殖的影响

为进一步探究茶树不同嫩度的嫩枝插穗根系和地上部生长适宜的生根剂处理时间及内源激素水平,本试验以3年生台茶12号嫩枝为试验材料,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）分析了嫩梢不同部位IAA、ZR、GA₃和ABA含量,同时研究了生根剂处理时间对插穗茎基部激素含量和茶苗扦插快繁的影响。结果表明,在茶树嫩枝顶部一芽一叶至一芽二叶初展梢（BL1）、半功能叶（L2）、第1片功能叶（L3）及其茎段（S1）、第2片功能叶（L4）及其茎段（S2）、第3片功能叶（L5）及其茎段（S3）、第4片功能叶茎段（S4）中,叶片内IAA和ABA以第2片功能叶含量最高,ZR以第3片功能叶含量最高,GA₃含量则随叶片成熟度增加而增大。茎段S1—S3中IAA含量显著高于S4,而ABA含量则为S1显著高于S2—S4。浸泡100βmg·L^-1 ABT-1号生根剂会显著提高插穗茎基部IAA含量,并使IAA/ABA和(IAA+ZR+GA₃)/ABA值增至1.0左右,从而有利于生根。其中,保留顶梢带1片和2片功能叶的插穗（F1-1、F2-1）在浸泡生根剂前期1βh内IAA含量快速增加,且IAA/ABA和(IAA+ZR+GA₃)/ABA值可增至1.0以上,其他插穗则在浸泡生根剂4βh后上述3个指标达到最大值。F1-1、F2-1浸泡生根剂0.5~1βh,摘除顶梢带1片功能叶的插穗（F1-2）浸泡生根剂4βh,F2-2、F3-1、F3-2浸泡生根剂3~4βh,IAA含量达到较高水平,而且IAA/ABA和 (IAA+ZR+GA₃) /ABA值可增至1.0左右。出苗时,平均根系活力、平均生根条数和平均茎粗增加值的最大值出现在浸泡生根剂0~2βh内,其他根系和地上部生长情况以浸泡生根剂4βh表现较好。     

黄栌大棚轻基质育苗及嫩枝扦插育苗技术研究

黄栌是我国重要的观赏红叶树种,也是优良的造林树种。黄栌大棚轻基质育苗,可节约时间、空间,操作方便快捷,有利于管理。嫩枝扦插育苗繁殖速度快,生产成本低,有利于大面积推广。本研究用不同激素浓度处理黄栌插穗,结果表明,用400 mg/L IBA溶液处理黄栌插穗,插穗的生根率最高(81.96%),生根效果最好。该文详细介绍了黄栌大棚轻基质育苗及嫩枝扦插育苗技术,以利于提高黄栌大棚轻基质育苗及嫩枝扦插育苗的成活率,为培育优质黄栌苗木提供参考。     

李正银1,丁永平1,蒋德惠2,范怀刚1,曾清贤1,赵庆尤3

通过多年的技术探索和试验示范,笔者从采穗圃营建、采穗圃管理、穗条采集、蜡封、贮藏及档案记录等方面详细介绍了区域性核桃良种采穗圃营建技术,旨在提高我市核桃采穗圃营建质量和穗条产量,为下一步区域核桃基地品种改良、提质增效工程的优质接穗来源提供技术支撑。     

青饲料收获机切碎辊刀具的优化设计及试验

青饲料收获机切碎辊刀具的设计直接影响秸秆的切割质量。刀具与秸秆接触时的受力分析表明，切割力与秸秆的压应力有关，而压应力不仅与秸秆物理特性有关，也与刀刃的倾斜角有关。利用Ansys-Workbench有限元软件进行仿真分析，结果表明,当刀具材料为65Mn、刀具厚度为8 mm、刀尖倾斜角度为30°时，刀具的等效应力最小。以秸秆层厚度、刀具倾斜角、秸秆含水率为试验因素，以切割装置切割秸秆时的扭矩值为试验指标，通过正交试验及交互作用分析，确定了因素对指标影响的主次关系为：A2>C2>B2>A>BC>AC>C>B，当秸秆层厚度7.5 cm、刀具倾斜角度35°、秸秆含水率35%时，刀辊扭矩值最小。验证试验结果表明选取的较优参数组合真实可行。该研究为新型刀具及防堵刀辊的机理研究提供了理论和试验借鉴。     

黑龙江省国有林区脆弱异质性家庭对停伐政策的态度及影响因素研究

基于2016年黑龙江省重点国有林区348户家庭的微观调查数据,实证分析黑龙江省国有林区脆弱异质性家庭对停伐政策的态度及影响因素。采用因子分析与综合评价法将348户职工家庭分为脆弱性家庭和非脆弱性家庭,描述性分析2组样本家庭对停伐政策的态度及认知情况,利用多元有序logit模型分析脆弱性与非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策态度的影响因素。结果表明:非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策的了解程度及执行情况的评价均高于脆弱性家庭,脆弱性家庭相对非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策的认可度较高,但是应对风险冲击的能力相对较低。脆弱性家庭和非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策的态度受户主特征、家庭特征以及政策认知特征变量的显著影响,但脆弱性家庭变量参数估计绝对值相对更大,因而停伐政策对脆弱性家庭有着更为敏感和强烈的冲击。