生物多样性保护优先区生态网络构建与优化——以太行山片区为例

生物多样性保护优先区是重要物种的栖息地，是生物多样性保护工作的重点区域。基于生态学“源”“汇”理论，提取2000-2016年生态系统转移变化较小、生境质量较好的生态斑块和各类自然保护地作为生态源地，采用最小累积阻力模型构建研究区潜在生态廊道，并进行连通性评价，提出生态网络优化方案。结果表明，林地、灌丛是该区域物种迁移和扩散过程中起主导连接作用的景观类型，占生态廊道面积比例的63.9%，其次是草地，占生态廊道面积比例的13.87%；潜在生态网络结构连接度较高，但部分廊道结构较复杂，冗余性较高；通过重力模型优先选择相互作用力>5的生态廊道，并提取出32个生态断裂点和28个“暂栖息地”，最终提出保护生态源地、分级生态廊道、规划暂栖息地和修复生态断裂点等生态网络优化对策，研究结果可为太行山优先区-太行山片区生物多样性保护提供科学方法和建议。     

Looking back on development and disaster‐related displacement and resettlement,anticipating climate‐related displacement in the Asia Pacific region

The realisation that climate change might necessitate resettlement of people displaced initially raised interest in the experience of development‐forced displacement and resettlement (DFDR). Looking back, in 1980 the first international policy on involuntary resettlement was approved to address perceived weaknesses in state property and expropriation law to safeguard people in the way of development projects. Since then international policy and praxis have brought global attention to developmentally displaced people but have not guaranteed them an effective safeguard. Recently, renewed attention has focussed on state legal and governance frameworks substantively and procedurally. Identifying four key policy objectives that resonate with climate change displacement I analyse their treatment in a data base of DFDR laws and regulations from 40 Asia Pacific states. This analysis finds overall little legal congruence. Innovative new formulations in some Asian state laws address recent public criticisms and research findings, but mostly are yet to demonstrate positive outcomes for displaced people. Pacific states increasingly abandon expropriation law to negotiate lease terms for public infrastructure projects with customary landowners that do not extinguish customary title. Any laws governing climate change relocations must protect rights, livelihoods, well‐being, inclusive decision‐making and community initiatives with procedures whilst not relinquishing climate‐change‐reducing action.     

黄河未来输沙量态势及其适用性对策

[目的] 探索黄河输沙预测的新思路，预估黄河未来输沙态势与输沙量水平，为黄河流域生态治理规划提供参考。[方法] 结合黄河流域水土保持生态修复现状，采用单累积曲线法、滑动平均及频率分析方法，分析1950—2019年黄河主要来沙区间的实测输沙量变化特征及其未来态势。[结果] 1950—2019年黄河输沙量呈现阶梯式减少。1950—2019年黄河中游各站累积实测输沙量随时间的变化可用“左半抛物线”表征。黄河输沙量自1997年以来已进入相对稳定态势，目前已达企稳状态；黄河潼关站未来年输沙量在90%频率下为1.00×10⁸ t左右，在10%频率下为5.00×10⁸ t左右，未来多年平均输沙量为1.40×10⁸ t。[结论] 为了维持黄河输沙量低稳状态，提升水土保持措施质量与标准，补齐“后水土保持”短板，构建完善的水沙关系调控体系，维持黄河下游河道冲淤平衡，是黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的保障。     

定量泵负载敏感系统卸荷压力冲击抑制研究

定量泵负载敏感系统在快速卸荷时容易出现压力冲击现象,对系统的可靠性和寿命产生较大危害。三通压力补偿阀是定量泵负载敏感系统中关键的调压元件,本文以三通压力补偿阀为切入点,建立定量泵负载敏感系统功率键合图模型,基于键合图模型推导系统的状态方程,建立Matlab动态仿真模型,探讨系统卸荷压力冲击的抑制方案。基于系统仿真模型,首先对系统卸荷压力冲击的仿真与试验进行对比,验证了仿真模型的正确性;然后,针对三通压力补偿阀的系统压力腔阻尼、阀芯直径、Ls腔阻尼、阀口锥角等关键参数,对卸荷压力冲击影响规律进行仿真;最后,基于关键参数对卸荷压力冲击影响规律的分析,提出了一种"小阀芯、双阀口"型三通压力补偿阀结构优化方案,并对其卸压冲击抑制效果进行了仿真和试验。结果表明,该方案可以有效抑制卸荷压力冲击,优化后系统卸压冲击压差比原系统降低了89%,卸荷压力降低了20%,进一步实现了节能。     

ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATION‐INDUCED DISPLACEMENT OF CANINE ABDOMINAL ORGANS IN DORSAL AND VENTRAL RECUMBENCY USING MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Respiratory‐induced organ displacement during image acquisition can produce motion artifacts and variation in spatial localization of an organ in diagnostic computed tomography (CT) examinations. The purpose of this prospective study was to quantify respiratory‐induced abdominal organ displacement in dorsal and ventral recumbency using five normal dogs. All dogs underwent CT examinations using 64 multidetector row CT (64‐MDCT). A “3‐dimensional (3D) apneic CT exam” of the abdomen was acquired followed by a “4‐dimensional (4D) ventilated CT exam.” The liver, pancreas, both kidneys, both medial iliac lymph nodes, and urinary bladder were delineated on the 3D‐apneic examination and the organ outlines were compared to the maximum alteration in organ position in the 4D‐ventilated examination. Displacement was measured in dorsal‐to‐ventral (DV), right‐to‐left (RL), and cranial‐to‐caudal (CC) directions. Respiratory‐induced displacement of canine abdominal organs was not predictable and showed large variability in the three directions evaluated. For most canine abdominal organs, dorsal recumbency provided overall the least amount of displacement among all directions evaluated except for liver and urinary bladder. For liver, a large variability was found for all directions and a statistically significant difference was found only in the RL direction with ventral recumbency exhibiting less displacement (P = 0.0099). For the urinary bladder, ventral recumbency also provided less displacement but this was statistically significant only in the RL direction (P < 0.0001). Findings from this study indicated that dorsal recumbency may be preferred for minimizing respiratory motion artifacts in whole abdomen studies, but ventral recumbency may be preferred for liver and urinary bladder studies when respiration cannot be controlled.     

钵体苗吹出过程的有限元分析

钵体苗吹出是气力有序抛秧一个主要的环节。为此,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对钵体苗吹出过程进行了有限元模拟分析,通过对其分析计算,得出了位移、应力和应变等结果云图,以及相应的应力时间关系曲线,为气力有序抛栽提供理论依据。     

杨家坝渡槽预应力合理张拉时机研究

大跨度预应力渡槽在跨年度的施工中,选择在不同的季节进行预应力的张拉,对渡槽结构的稳定产生较大的影响,故对渡槽进行预应力合理张拉时机的研究是重要的。以杨家坝渡槽为计算对象,采用有限元法,通过仿真计算,比较分析了渡槽在不同季节的温度条件下,渡槽结构的应力及位移的变化情况,表明杨家坝渡槽在月平均气温10℃时张拉预应力,可以适当避免渡槽应力以及位移出现过大的情况,并可为同类工程提供参考。     

玉米叶混掺对土壤水分入渗的影响

通过不同玉米叶混掺比例及混掺层埋深的垂直入渗试验,并以纯土为对照,研究玉米叶混掺对累积入渗量、入渗率及剖面含水率等的影响。结果表明,处理间土壤水分特征曲线差异明显;相同土壤水吸力下,添加玉米叶的土壤含水率均高于纯土处理,且添加3%玉米叶的土壤保水性明显优于添加1%玉米叶;土壤密度一定时,累积入渗量均表现为纯土1%玉米叶处理3%玉米叶处理;添加3%玉米叶对剖面含水率的影响高于1%玉米叶。     

基于稀土超磁致伸缩材料的微致动器设计

选择Terfenol-D作为微致动器主要材料，采用弹簧对GMM棒施加一定的预压力以获得较大的磁致伸缩应变，采用偏置磁场消除GMM棒的倍频现象并使之工作在线性段，对磁路进行了分析和优化设计。针对电磁线圈工作发热及涡流损耗引起的GMM棒温升，采取了强制水冷方法并专门设计了一个恒温冷却系统用以消除材料的热变形对致动精度的影响。     

压力补偿式变量泵的改进

根据压力补偿式变量泵在使用中存在的变量冲击、最大流量无法预置等问题，对该类泵的调节性能进行分析和比较，提出了一种改进结构的方法。在限压式变量叶片泵上，采用变刚度的双弹簧；在恒功率变量柱塞泵的变量部分，采取增加斜盘倾斜角预置调节等措施。改进后变量泵的在液压机上实际运用，效果良好。