基于低影响开发的校园雨水控制及效益分析

以安徽理工大学为研究对象,应用4种低影响开发(LID)方案(植草沟、下沉式绿地、雨水罐和植草沟-下沉式绿地-雨水罐组合)构建雨洪管理模型(SWMM),模拟不同雨水重现期下各种LID方案的水文和水质性能,并评价了经济效益.结果表明:植草沟的径流削减效率最好,可延迟流量峰现时间,且能有效地削减污染负荷;除雨水罐外,另外3种LID实践方案具有良好的环境效益;从成本效益上分析,下沉式绿地和组合LID实践方案的污染物控制效果较好,但其单位削减率成本高,植草沟对污染物控制效果不理想,但其具有最低的单位削减率;若想取得较好的污染物控制效果,则需要投入更大的成本,可以采用下沉式绿地或组合LID实践方案,下沉式绿地或组合LID实践方案不仅能有效削减峰值流量,缓解城市排水管网负荷,且对污染物的削减效果较好.可为中国校园中LID实践的应用决策提供理论支持.     

Assessing the effects of vegetation and precipitation on soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China has a significant impact on local economic development and ecological environment. Vegetation and precipitation are considered to be the main factors for the variation in soil erosion. However, it is a big challenge to analyze the impacts of precipitation and vegetation respectively as well as their combined effects on soil erosion from the pixel scale. To assess the influences of vegetation and precipitation on the variation of soil erosion from 2005 to 2015, we employed the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to evaluate soil erosion in the TRHR, and then developed a method using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model (LMDI) which can exponentially decompose the influencing factors, to calculate the contribution values of the vegetation cover factor (C factor) and the rainfall erosivity factor (R factor) to the variation of soil erosion from the pixel scale. In general, soil erosion in the TRHR was alleviated from 2005 to 2015, of which about 54.95% of the area where soil erosion decreased was caused by the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor, and 41.31% was caused by the change in the R factor. There were relatively few areas with increased soil erosion modulus, of which 64.10% of the area where soil erosion increased was caused by the change in the C factor, and 23.88% was caused by the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor. Therefore, the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor were regarded as the main driving force for the decrease of soil erosion, while the C factor was the dominant factor for the increase of soil erosion. The area with decreased soil erosion caused by the C factor (12.10×10³ km²) was larger than the area with increased soil erosion caused by the C factor (8.30×10³ km²), which indicated that vegetation had a positive effect on soil erosion. This study generally put forward a new method for quantitative assessment of the impacts of the influencing factors on soil erosion, and also provided a scientific basis for the regional control of soil erosion.     

文本挖掘下的话语认知与构建——以人工智能和5G领域白宫新闻文本为例

[目的/意义]政府新闻文本是政策文本的表达形式之一。对政府新闻文本进行挖掘分析,能直观的展现表面动态,揭示对话事件的立场及其背后关系,能对情报分析工作、中国新型智库的发展建设,提供有效的助力。[方法/过程]文章利用TextRank算法进行核心句提取,并结合批评话语分析理论框架来做评估,以语料驱动从关键句、关键词两个宏观角度讨论政府决策态度,以词性从话语策略的微观角度总结美国官方对人工智能和5G领域的话语认知形象。[结果/结论]通过分析可以看出,美国政府对于人工智能和5G领域的态度将持续保持在“政府引领下的美国需优先”这一局面,面对发展中国家的科技竞争,增加政府政策性文本的指导无疑是最好的对策建议。     

胶东铁路弃土弃渣体产流产沙特征

通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究降雨强度和坡度对胶东铁路弃土弃渣体产流产沙的影响。根据青荣铁路沿线降雨和弃土弃渣体堆积特点,设计3种雨强(20,40,60mm/h)和3个坡度(20°,30°,40°)。结果表明:(1)当降雨强度由20mm/h增加到60mm/h,产流开始时间可缩短11~20s;当坡度由20°变化到40°,产流开始时间可提前17~22s。(2)径流量、产沙率在降雨初期剧增到峰值,之后径流量逐渐趋于稳定,而产沙率波动减小后逐渐趋于稳定。(3)相同坡度条件下,雨强40 mm/h下的径流量较20 mm/h时增加37.3%~122.6%,产沙率约为20mm/h时的1.5~19.5倍;而雨强60mm/h下的径流量较40mm/h时仅增加19.1%~26.7%,产沙率仅为40mm/h时的62.5%~151.8%。(4)相同雨强条件下,坡度对径流量、产沙率的影响存在临界坡度(30°~40°),径流量、产沙率随坡度的增大先增加后减小。(5)弃土弃渣体坡度为30°时坡度对坡面侵蚀量的贡献率大于雨强贡献率;而40°时雨强贡献率明显超过坡度。研究结果可为胶东半岛区域铁路项目建设期间弃土弃渣体的水土流失监测及防治提供技术支撑。     

下垫面变化对喀斯特坡地地下产流产沙的影响

通过人工模拟降雨试验,探索表土剥离对喀斯特坡耕地侵蚀产沙的影响。采用钢槽装填土石模拟喀斯特坡地的"二元结构",通过正交试验分析了下垫面类型(坡耕地、裸坡地)、雨强(0.5,0.8,1.3mm/min)和地下孔(裂)隙度(1%,2%,3%,4%,5%)对坡地地下产流、产沙的影响。结果表明:表土剥离导致下垫面土壤物理性质改变,是影响坡地产流、产沙特征变化的主要因素。降雨强度主要影响坡地地下产流量和产沙量,地下孔(裂)隙度主要影响径流和泥沙在地表和地下的分配比例。表土剥离后表层土壤的容重和土壤颗粒分形维数呈显著性增大,导致土壤透水性、孔隙大小等发生改变。相比之下,在0.5mm/min雨强下,裸坡地的地下产流量、产流系数、产沙比重均大于坡耕地,雨强增大至0.8,1.3mm/min后,则是坡耕地大于裸坡地。同时,随着降雨强度的增大,坡耕地产流量和产沙量随雨强的变化顺序为0.5mm/min雨强0.8mm/min雨强1.3mm/min雨强。而裸坡地的产流量大小随雨强的变化顺序为0.8mm/min雨强1.3mm/min雨强0.5 mm/min雨强,产沙量大小随雨强的变化顺序为0.5 mm/min雨强0.8mm/min雨强1.3mm/min雨强。增大地下孔裂隙度能显著(p0.05)的增大两种坡地的地下产流、产沙的贡献量。地下孔裂隙度为1%~3%条件下,2种坡地地下侵蚀产沙比重存在极显著差异(p0.01),随着地下孔(裂)隙度增大至4%和5%,两者间的差异缩小。虽然裸坡地的地下侵蚀产沙量小于坡耕地的,但是其地下产沙比重更大。在喀斯特地区进行开发建设时,应注重地下漏失的防治工作。研究成果能够为喀斯特坡地土壤侵蚀研究和水土流失防治提供重要参考。     

砾石覆盖条件下盐碱土边坡降雨侵蚀水动力学特征

为了探究砾石覆盖对盐碱土坡面侵蚀的减沙效应,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下降雨径流水动力学特征及产沙受砾石覆盖的影响。试验坡度选取15°和30°,雨强选取92,119mm/h,坡面砾石覆盖度分别为0,10%,20%,40%,60%,80%,采用染色示踪法测定坡面径流流速。结果表明:不同坡度和雨强条件下,水流产沙率随坡面砾石覆盖度增大先增后减;雷诺数与弗劳德数均随砾石覆盖度增大呈先增后减的抛物线趋势,曼宁糙率、Dracy-Weisbach阻力系数、坡面径流剪切力和径流功率均与坡面砾石覆盖度呈线性正相关;径流功率预测产沙率效果较好,二者呈对数关系(R2=0.47)。     

重庆四面山林下典型植被对水分截留的影响

为探究西南地区林下植被与水分运移的定量关系,研究林下植被对水分截留的影响,在重庆四面山选取草珊瑚(Sarcandra glabra Nakai)、杜茎山(Maesa japonica Moritzi)、常山(Orixa japonica Thunb)3种典型常见灌木,采用人工模拟降雨方法分别研究了单株灌木、枯落物截留特征以及灌木和枯落物组合结构的截留特征。结果表明:(1)单株灌木、枯落物、灌木和枯落物组合结构对降雨的截留过程大致分为3个阶段,即快速截留阶段、饱和稳定阶段和降雨结束滞后冠滴雨阶段;(2)3种典型灌木草珊瑚、杜茎山、常山的截留量均随降雨强度的增大呈先增大后减小的规律;(3)枯落物最大截留量与降雨强度呈正相关关系,枯落物单位面积质量与枯落物平均最大、最小截留量间呈正相关关系;(4)与单株灌木和枯落物各自截留状况相比,灌木和枯落物组合结构最大截留量与降雨强度呈正相关关系,且快速截留阶段历时较长、最大截留量也较大。在雨强为35mm/h时,草珊瑚、杜茎山和其枯落物组合结构最大截留量大于灌木和枯落物各自最大截留量之和,常山和其枯落物组合结构最大截留量小于常山和其枯落物各自的最大截留量之和,在雨强为70,95mm/h时各组合结构最大截留量小于单株灌木和枯落物单独的最大截留量之和。林下灌木和枯落物在水分运移过程中均扮演了重要角色,其中枯落物对水分截留的贡献更大。因此,合理进行林下植被构建与配置能有效截留水分,对减少林地土壤侵蚀有一定的积极作用。     

Determination of critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf area index for winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.     

称重式降水传感器与翻斗雨量传感器测雨性能对比分析

为了观测降水数据的准确性,选取了南通市4个台站2018年4月—10月份的DCS1型称重式降水传感器和SL3-1型翻斗雨量传感器观测的降水数据,分析两者观测的日降水量和降水总量等方面的差异。结果显示：在选取的观测样本中,以人工观测的降雨日数为参考,称重传感器的平均一致率为91.2%;以翻斗传感器观测的降雨日为参考,称重传感器的一致率为94.5%。称重传感器观测的累积降水量与翻斗传感器观测的累积降水量相对平均误差为-1.55%,符合中国气象局规定的相对误差不超过±4%的规范要求。在分析日降水量方面,发现称重传感器比翻斗传感器观测量平均偏小0.29 mm;有明显性降水时,两者在日降水量等级判别上基本一致。称重传感器观测的数据小于翻斗传感器观测的数据概率要高,两种传感器观测的差值分布较为一致。称重传感器在捕捉微量降水的能力不比翻斗传感器差,甚至更好。称重传感器观测的日降水量与翻斗传感器观测的日降水量相关系数为0.99826,达到0.01显著相关的水平。     

Performance of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) in response to row spacing under ridge and furrow cropping systems in a semiarid region of China

Ridge and furrow systems as well as the wide-narrow row spacing are recognized as good management practices in crop production. To obtain some available information concerning the suitable agricultural practices for buckwheat cultivation in arid and semi-arid area, a two-year field study was conducted to investigate the performance of common buckwheat grown under six cropping patterns: conventional flat single/double row planting (NS/ND); furrow single/double row planting (FS/FD); ridge single/double row planting (RS/RD); single row planting with equal row spacing and double row planting with wide-narrow row spacing practice. Plants grown under the FD system exhibited higher water use efficiency (WUE) and rainfall use efficiency (RUE) than plants cultivated with the NS system, increases with 13.7% and 21.9%, respectively, in 2014, while 9.8% and 14.0%, respectively, in 2015. Plants of the FD system also displayed the greatest leaf area index and canopy openness at growth stage of 40, 60, and 80 days after sowing, maximum biomass production (13.96 t ha^?1) and grain yield (3486.2 kg ha^?1) in 2014, and the least pronounced soil nitrate consumption as compared to plants from other tillage systems. We conclude that FD is the optimum planting pattern for common buckwheat cultivation in semi-arid and arid environments.