阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死效应以及不同方式释放该螨对根结线虫的防控效果

本研究测定了阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死浓度及其对修长蠊螨生存、繁殖发育和捕食能力的影响，并通过盆栽试验研究了以不同方式释放修长蠊螨对空心菜根结线虫病的控制效果。阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的3个亚致死浓度LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀分别是2%的阿维菌素稀释2082倍、3760倍和8831倍。这3个亚致死剂量的阿维菌素均使修长蠊螨的生存能力、总产卵量和捕食线虫能力显著下降。修长蠊螨被LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀ 3个亚致死浓度药液处理后，从幼螨发育至成螨时的存活率分别为对照的32.00%、46.00%和72.00%；总产卵量分别是对照的6.23%、17.58%和34.24%；处理2 d后的捕食线虫能力分别是对照的34.70%、53.06%和62.59%；但对卵的孵化率无显著影响。修长蠊螨控缓速释放和直接释放均能减少空心菜根系的根结数量和根结线虫卵囊数量，有效控制空心菜根结线虫的发生。各项防治处理30 d后，修长蠊螨直接释放处理、控缓速释放处理、修长蠊螨和阿维菌素联合施用处理以及仅施用阿维菌素处理的空心菜根际根结数量和线虫卵囊数量，分别比未防治对照处理减少28.97%和64.38%、49.97%和74.43%、81.92%和92.24%以及80.15%和92.69%。所以修长蠊螨控缓速释放的控制效果显著好于直接释放，但是修长蠊螨与阿维菌素联合施用不能提高防效。     

吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球的释放行为与生物活性评价

为了对二氧化硅载药体系进行评价，以吡唑醚菌酯为模式农药，利用其与正硅酸乙酯在碱性条件下的水解缩合反应，以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂，制备了吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球。通过扫描电子显微镜、Nicolet iS5傅里叶变换红外光谱及高效液相色谱等表征了微球的表面形态和化学结构，测定了其在水中的光解速率；并采用透析袋法探讨了该微球在不同pH值和不同温度下的缓释行为，通过菌丝生长速率法测定了该微球对稻瘟病菌的毒力，评价了其生物活性。结果表明:所制备的吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球外观形貌较为规整，粒径在0.998~1.428 μm之间，其最大载药量可达50.73%。该微球在碱性条件下的释药速率快于酸性条件下，且其释放均符合一级反应动力学方程，在中性条件下其释药符合Ritger-Peppas方程；与pH值相比，温度对其释药速率的影响较小。给药后第5天，所制备吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球的毒力与原药相近，给药后第9天，其毒力是原药的11.7倍，缓释效果显著。该吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球在紫外灯照射10 h后光解率为38.98%，明显低于吡唑醚菌酯原药的光解率(68.92%)。     

物理气调法片烟养护及醇化效果研究

为进一步加深对物理气调法的了解,研究了物理气调法片烟养护效果及片烟醇化品质随时间的变化规律。结果表明,物理气调法能使堆垛内氧气浓度稳定保持在适宜片烟醇化范围内。使用物理气调法时,堆垛内相对湿度对外界湿度条件的敏感性较低,有利于在高湿条件下防止烟叶受潮霉变。在12个月的醇化周期内,片烟绿原酸、芸香苷、叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素等香气前体物含量呈氧化分解下降趋势,片烟的醇化过程朝着改善品质的方向进行。物理气调法经低氧处理再将氧气浓度回调至15%~21%的处理片烟感官品质最佳;与化学气调法相比,物理气调法更有利于提升片烟醇化质量。     

不同水氮条件对东北寒地黑土直播稻光响应特征的影响

为了揭示寒地黑土直播稻在不同灌水方式和施氮水平下功能叶片光响应特征,以测坑试验水直播水稻为研究对象,采用全面试验方法,设灌水方式和施氮量2个因素,针对水稻分蘖期和抽穗开花期开展了不同水肥条件下直播水稻叶片光响应特征的研究。结果表明:随氮肥施用量的增加,直播稻功能叶片的光响应曲线上升,光强高于600μmol/(m~2·s)时,不同施氮量处理的光响应曲线间距变大。运用非直角双曲线模型建立水稻叶片光合光响应曲线的拟合,得出不同水氮处理下直播水稻叶片的光响应特征参数,结果显示,随着施氮量的增加,最大净光合速率Pnmax、表观量子效率α和光饱和点LSP上升,光补偿点LCP下降;而同施氮量条件下,控制灌溉处理的Pnmax、α和LSP高于淹灌处理,LCP低于淹灌处理。因此,在0~135kg/hm~2的范围内增加施氮量和控制灌溉有助于提升直播稻功能叶片光合作用能力,提高其对光能的利用率和对强光及弱光的适应能力,有效改善叶片光响应特征,提高水稻产量,所以在进行直播水稻栽培研究时,要充分考虑不同水肥条件对其光响应特征的影响。     

Nutrient release pattern of organic and inorganic resources used in cassava production (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The major constraint in the promotion of organic farming, a safe and sustainable alternative, is lack of availability of quality organic resources in sufficient quantities. The quality of resources can be ascertained by monitoring its nutrient release pattern, which has not yet been attempted. A controlled condition pot experiment was conducted at ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India, in completely randomized design to study the nutrient dynamics of various organic and inorganic resources, commonly used in cassava production, at monthly intervals up to six months. The release of almost all nutrients and activity of soil enzymes were higher at the middle (3 or 4?months) of the incubation period. The pH showed an increasing trend and electrical conductivity, organic C and Fe content declined from initial. Averaging over stages, organic practice favored the activity of soil enzymes and release of almost all nutrients over conventional system significantly, except N.     

东雷抽黄引水灌区退水对干渠减淤的影响

【目的】分析东雷抽黄引水灌区渠系泥沙淤积问题,探讨通过加大干渠输水流量以减少渠道淤积的可行性。【方法】利用东雷抽黄灌区总干渠的泥沙淤积实测资料,对水沙输移数学模型进行验证,再依据典型年份不同灌季不同时段引水含沙量高低情况,拟定了加大渠道输水流量的多种方案,对不同方案情况下渠道的冲淤过程及减淤量等进行数值模拟计算。【结果】减淤量和抽水费用等的计算结果表明,减淤效果最佳的方案是春灌期间含沙量较低时段加大渠道输水流量,该方案的减淤率为59.63%,减淤耗水费用为9元/m~3,较人工清淤费用(50元/m~3)节省成本82%。【结论】在春灌或夏灌含沙量较低时段,利用退水渠加大干渠输水流量减少渠道淤积在技术上是可行的,经济上也是合理的。     

药材植物淋出物对油松枯落物分解和土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】研究油松(Pinus tabuliformis)林下9种药材植物淋出物对油松枯落物分解和土壤酶活性的影响,为选择适宜油松林下种植的药材植物及适宜的林药复合模式提供依据。【方法】以秦岭山区广泛分布的典型油松林及林下9种常见药材植物蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)、地丁(Corydalis bungeana)、薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx)、鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata)、细辛(Asarum sieboldii)、荆芥(Nepeta cataria)、金银花(Lonicera japonica)、绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)和夏枯草(Prunella vulgaris)为研究对象,通过药材植物茎叶淋出物(以水浸提液模拟)喷浇油松枯落物进行分解试验,研究药材植物茎叶淋出物对油松枯落物分解速率、养分(C、N、P、Cu、Zn和Mn)释放和土壤酶活性的影响。【结果】蒲公英、地丁、薄荷、鱼腥草、金银花和荆芥的茎叶淋出物均显著抑制了油松枯落物的分解及总体养分释放(除金银花茎叶淋出物对N释放、荆芥茎叶淋出物对N和P的释放影响不显著外)。蒲公英、地丁、薄荷、鱼腥草和金银花茎叶淋出物均显著降低了土壤多酚氧化酶的活性,金银花茎叶淋出物降低了土壤中羧甲基纤维素酶活性,荆芥茎叶淋出物均显著降低了土壤中羧甲基纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性。【结论】细辛、绞股蓝和夏枯草可与油松进行林药复合种植,其余6种药材植物应避免在油松林下种植或降低种植密度。     

不同控释氮肥运筹对粳稻养分吸收与氮素利用的影响

以绥粳18为供试材料,通过盆栽试验,在一次性施入控释氮肥免追肥条件下,设置不同施肥量(高、中、低、无)和施肥深度(5 cm、10 cm),探讨不同氮肥施用方式对粳稻养分吸收和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,在不同氮肥运筹条件下,粳稻各生育期氮、磷、钾的吸收、转运均存在明显的协同效应,施肥深度5 cm组,随着氮肥施用量的增加,粳稻的氮吸收总量增加,同时可促进磷的吸收,但影响幅度较小。钾变化与氮、磷变化有所不同。施肥深度10cm组,施高量氮肥抑制了粳稻对磷的吸收、减少了对氮的吸收,但有利于提高氮素利用率,对钾的吸收无显著影响。施用树脂包膜控释肥,纯氮用量为153 kg/hm^2、施肥深度5 cm、一次性施肥免追肥可获得最优水稻氮素利用效率并显著提高磷钾肥利用效率。     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.