Association of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-6 promoter polymorphisms in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and their household contacts of younger age group

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytokine genes have been found to be involved in the clinical outcome of Tuberculosis. The present study was aimed to identify the high risk genotypes in Tuberculosis patients and their household contacts. A total of 490 subjects were studied which includes 150 active pulmonary tuberculosis patients (APTB), 190 household contacts (HHC) and 150 healthy controls (HC). The SNPs of TNF-α (-308A/G), IL-10(-1082G/A) and IL-6(-174G/C) were performed by ARMs PCR. The IL-10 GA genotype showed significant association in APTB and HHC and was 2.3 times higher risk in APTB and 3.7 times in HHC compared to HCs. The A allele was found to be significantly associated with the risk of disease. The CC genotype of IL-6 was found to be significantly associated in APTB and an insignificant positive association in HHCs. The multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis indicated that the genotypes of IL-6 were showing high risk with GA genotype of IL-10. In conclusion the gene interaction may be useful for identification of genotypes as biomarkers to distinguish high risk individuals.     

Wildlife–livestock interactions in a western rangeland setting: Quantifying disease-relevant contacts

Disease transmission between wild ungulates and domestic livestock is an important and challenging animal health issue. The potential for disease transmission between wildlife and livestock is notoriously difficult to estimate. The first step for estimating the potential for between-species disease transmission is to quantify proximity between individuals of different species in space and time. This study estimates second-order statistics of spatio-temporal location data from radio-collared free-ranging deer, elk and cattle in northeast Oregon. Our results indicate, that when observed simultaneously, elk and cattle occur in closer proximity to each other than what would be expected based on general space use of these species. The same is true for deer and elk but not for deer and cattle. Our analysis also demonstrates that average distances between cattle and elk are largely driven by rare events of close co-mingling between the species, which extend over several hours. Behavioral causes for these co-mingling events are currently unknown. Understanding the causes for such events will be important for designing grazing practices that minimize wildlife–livestock contacts.     

试论土地整治与土地整理的区别与联系*

土地资源是实现经济社会可持续发展的根基,人类的一切生产和生活都是在土地的基础上展开的。土地整治和土地整理是实现土地资源可持续发展的有效途径。本文拟采用对比分析的方法,从理论层面上探索土地整治与土地整理的区别与联系,避免二者被混淆使用。土地整治与土地整理的区别在于：目的、范围和实施的手段不同;二者的联系在于：土地整治包含了土地整理,土地整治统率着土地整理的发展,二者的作用都是实现土地资源的可持续利用,平衡土地利用中数量、质量与生态的关系。     

农户对农村公共物品供给发起的主动接触研究 ——以湖北省为例

提高农村公共物品供给效率,至关重要的是要一改以往的供给主导型模式,回归需求主导。在公共物品的需求表露机制中,农户的主动接触是其直接参与政治的主要形式。通过对涵盖农业生产、农民生活和农村环境等3大类11个子类的农村公共物品接触的Logit回归分析显示,影响湖北农户主动接触的最重要因素是政治效能感和家里有人常年在外打工,其次是加入农协或农村专业合作社、家庭年收入及其平方项。但主流学派关于感知需求是所有模型中最显著的一致预测元的观点在该研究中未得到相应数据的支持。     

散料在锥仓中的静压接触状态与影响因素

为研究散料属性与锥仓结构对散料与锥仓之间接触状态的影响,建立了自由开接触、滑移闭接触、黏着闭接触等状态的接触条件与数学求解模型;以葵花籽、玉米、煤粉、圆砾石、小麦为实例,进行了散料在不同倾角锥仓中的静压接触状态有限元分析,给出了5种散料在倾角分别为20°、33.7°、45°的锥仓中的接触状态。结果显示:散料堆积密度、弹性模量、泊松比、膨胀角、内摩擦角、内聚力等属性对散料在锥仓中的接触状态影响程度不同,其中膨胀角和内聚力有较大影响,膨胀角很小时,可能会有开接触状态,内聚力越大,则黏着接触区越小;锥仓由深向浅过渡时,开接触区域会消失,滑移接触区会变小,黏着接触区会增大。当散料黏着接触区增加时,不利于锥仓卸料;滑移接触区增加则对锥仓表面摩擦损伤大。通过散料在锥仓中的接触状态研究可从力学特性上评价锥仓设计与储料效率。     

轴颈倾斜时滚柱轴承动态接触特性的有限元分析

针对滚柱轴承工作时存在轴颈倾斜的情况,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件开展不同轴颈倾斜角下滚动轴承动态接触特性的数值模拟研究,通过对比分析接触部位应力值和变形的差别,考察倾斜角大小对轴承动态接触特性影响情况。结果表明,考虑轴颈倾斜时滚子组最大等效应力、最大剪切应力仿真结果明显大于非倾斜状态下得到的结果,在倾斜角为0°、0.1°和0.5°等3种情况下,滚子组等效应力分别为700MPa、2.73GPa和4.0GPa;同时,滚子端面单元应力值和接触部位应力分布等仿真结果均随倾角增大而差异更加明显;但轴心在径向载荷方向的位移受倾斜角的影响不明显,均分布在-0.2～0.3mm范围内。研究结论可以为实际工作过程中考虑轴颈倾斜时滚柱轴承动态特性的研究和轴承结构优化设计提供参考。     

Socio‐ecological transformations in a tributary region of the Mekong in Cambodia: Culture of resistance or resistance of culture?

This paper highlights the evolution of the relations between highlanders and lowlanders that took place in one of the Mekong's riparian eastern territories in Ratanakiri province. It contributes to knowledge and debate on the impacts of landscape transformation and dispossession on indigenous peoples and their culture in upland Cambodia. The first section considers the legacy of the past and emphasises successive attempts of resistance. It contributes to an understanding of why highlanders opted to live in a forest milieu, not isolated from outsiders but careful to maintain some distance. The second section delineates the evolution of the interactions between natural ecosystems and social ecosystems in the changing tributary region. The last section documents major changes that have recently occurred under the guise of development. It questions the remaining possibilities for indigenous people to continue living with dignity in a shrunken territory in the present socio‐political environment. The conclusion proposes research orientations focusing on some neglected dimensions of indigenous cultures dealing with new forms of resistances.     

农户对农村公共物品发起的主动接触研究 ——两个理论的检验

农户对农村公共物品向各级政府部门或组织发起的主动接触,是需求偏好表达的有效方式之一。农村公共物品需求与社会福利水平有关,后者通常用家庭收入和受教育程度来度量。对于感知需求与社会福利水平关系的研究有两个持不同观点的经典模型,即抛物线理论和需求层次理论。利用湖北省农户数据对这两个理论进行了检验,结果证实抛物线模型更好地拟合了样本数据。