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1.
不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响,设置3个灌水水平:高水、中水和低水(W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm,冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm),4个施氮水平:高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮(N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2),4个施磷水平:高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷(P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2)进行了田间试验。结果表明:不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇,夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量(CNEP)为6805~7233kg/hm2,冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2,夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下,增加灌水量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量(CNPP)提高2.48%~5.96%,土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量(CRm)增加2.15%~15.20%,净生态系统生产力固碳量(CNEP)增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下,增加施肥量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%,土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%,CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%,CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下,氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%,且氮磷肥交互作用显著(P<0.05),水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入,在节水节肥原则下,夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。  相似文献   
2.
There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOCadj R2 = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOCunadj R2 = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.  相似文献   
3.
Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control(CK), mineral fertilizer(NPK), compost chicken manure alone(M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, i POM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen(TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure(MNPK) significantly increased SOC(45.7%) and TN(24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%), fPOM(136.0%) and iPOM(124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%), fPOM(242.5%) and iPOM(127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C) and nitrogen(MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice(MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   
4.
通过综合评价广西低碳农业发展质量,深入了解广西低碳农业发展现状,从而为广西低碳农业高质量发展提供参考建议。从农业经济社会发展、要素减量投入、能源低碳利用、资源环境安全四个维度构建广西低碳农业发展质量评价指标体系,在测算广西农业碳排放量的基础上,运用因子分析法提取和命名公共因子,采用熵值法为公共因子赋权,计算得到2000—2018年广西低碳农业发展质量综合得分及排名。2000年以来,广西低碳农业发展质量总体上逐年得到改善,经历了起步、提升、腾飞三个时期,这与近年来广西农业经济社会稳步向前发展和要素利用与环境安全不断改善及农业能源利用效率不断提高有关;农业经济社会发展公因子在影响广西低碳农业发展质量综合得分方面比要素利用与环境安全因子、农业能源利用效率因子起到更为重要的作用。必须充分发挥广西后发优势,延长农业产业链,构建要素利用与环境安全管理制度的长效机制,开发农村可再生能源,提升农业能源利用效率,以实现广西低碳农业高质量发展。  相似文献   
5.
6.
【目的】研究新疆“宽早优”模式下施氮量对棉田碳足迹的影响。【方法】采用生命周期评价法(LCA),设置不同施氮水平(0、120、240、360 kg/hm2),分析施氮量对棉田碳足迹、碳足迹构成及产量的影响。【结果】当氮肥施用量( 360 kg/hm2)减少33.3%( 240 kg/hm2)和66.7%( 120 kg/hm2)时,碳足迹分别下降了8.4%和17.6%。在N360处理下籽棉产量为8 035.4 kg/hm2,在N240处理下籽棉产量为7 797.2 kg/hm2,且N240、N360处理棉花籽棉产量差异不显著。灌溉用电、农膜及化肥引起温室气体排放对碳足迹贡献最大,分别占47.4%、25.2%和24.3%。随着施氮量的增加,棉田N2O排放总量随之增加,N360分别比CK、N120和N240显著高221.9%、123.1%和 33.1%。【结论】随着施氮量的减少,棉花单位面积碳足迹也随之减少,在不影响产量的情况下,降低氮肥用量可以减少“宽早优”棉田碳足迹,在新疆地区实现以较少的碳足迹来获得较高的产量。  相似文献   
7.
Effects of earthworm casts on soil nutrient dynamics and their responses to changing moisture availability in subtropical ecosystems remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine short-term carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) dynamics and their interactions with wetting-drying cycles in three different structural forms(i.e., granular, globular, and heap-like) of Amynthas earthworm casts. The rates of C and N mineralization in the earthworm casts were examined under two different wetting-drying cycles(i.e., 2-d and 4-d wetting intervals) using a rainfall simulation experiment. After three simulated rainfall events, subsamples of the earthworm casts were further incubated for 4 d for the determination of CO_2 and N_2O fluxes. The results of this study indicated that the impacts of wetting-drying cycles on the short-term C and N dynamics were highly variable among the three cast forms, but wetting-drying cycles significantly reduced the cumulative CO_2 and N_2O fluxes by 62%–83% and 57%–85%, respectively, when compared to the control without being subjected to any rainfall events. The C mineralization rates in different cast forms were affected by the amount of organic substrates and N content in casts, which were associated with the food preference and selection of earthworms. Meanwhile, the cumulative N_2O fluxes did not differ among the three cast forms. Repeated wetting and drying of casts not only enhanced aggregate stability by promoting bonds between the cast particles, but also inhibited microbial survival and growth during the prolonged drying period, which together hindered decomposition and denitrification. Our findings demonstrated that the interactions between the structural forms, aggregate dynamics, and C and N cycling in the earthworm casts were highly complex.  相似文献   
8.
大量水母涌入核电站取水口会对核电冷源取水安全造成严重威胁,为把握夏季红沿河核电站附近海域水母的密度和基本运动规律,分别于2017年7、8、9月在红沿河核电站附近海域使用同时搭载科学探鱼仪(120、200 kHz)和多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)的调查船,沿垂直等深线方向进行25 h、10 n mile长垂直断面往复走航水母资源声学调查和潮流观测,并在次日昼间使用多锚张网进行水母样本采集;利用频差处理技术分离海月水母Aurelia aurita、沙蛰Nemopilema nomurai及浮游动物的叠加声学散射信号,使用回波积分法推定沙蛰和海月水母密度,并结合潮流数据计算水母通过调查断面的通量。结果表明:2017年7、8、9月份潮流流速最大值分别为0.80、0.70、0.65 m/s,流速随涨潮和落潮周期逐渐增大和减小;海月水母的平均密度高于沙蛰,二者7月分别为9.79、2.30 ind./m2,8月分别为11.05、1.51 ind./m2,9月分别为0.82、0.32 ind./m2;海月水母在7、8、9月份涨潮时平均通量分别为5.85、3.53、0.40 ind./(s·m2),落潮时平均通量分别为-2.84、-6.07、-0.36 ind./(s·m2),沙蜇在7、8、9月份涨潮时平均通量分别为1.45、0.44、0.17 ind./(s·m2),落潮时平均通量分别为-0.86、-0.76、-0.13 ind./(s·m2)。研究表明:水母通量与涨落潮流速变化具有相关性,能够较好地反映水母的移动趋势,并可作为核电站冷源生物监测预警的重要指标;水母在取水口外侧海域具有随机分布的特性,适合声学浮标监测。  相似文献   
9.
10.
碳点(CDs)和石墨烯量子点(GQDs)由于结构稳定、环境友好、水分散性和生物相容性良好、易于功能化改性和可光致发光等优点已成为备受关注的零维碳纳米材料,有望广泛应用于生化指示、生物医学、储能、显示器件和催化等前沿领域。近年来,相比于传统的化石燃料基化合物,来自可再生生物质的木质素及其衍生物不仅价廉易得、活性基团丰富,而且具有天然芳香结构,已成为CDs和GQDs的重要前驱体。但是,已有报道对木质素的解聚机制认识不足,这也逐渐成为制约木质素基CDs和GQDs性能提升的瓶颈之一。因此,必须阐明木质素在相关工艺过程中发生解聚的化学本质,并明确杂原子掺杂与木质素基CDs和GQDs的激发依赖发光行为的内在联系。笔者首先介绍了木质素基CDs和GQDs的制备方法发展历程和潜在应用,同时对其结构和性质等进行评述,重点讨论并总结了制备具有出色激发依赖发光行为的木质素基CDs和GQDs的技术难点,认为开发一类适用于普遍性木质素原料的高效环保解聚策略,以及揭示木质素基CDs和GQDs的杂原子掺杂与其激发依赖发光行为的关联机理将成为该领域今后的重点研究方向。  相似文献   
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