硫化细菌的分离及对碱土pH的影响

通过对样品的富集，利用选择培养进行化能自养硫化细菌的分离；以大庆本地碱土作为实验材料，通过硫化细菌及辅料的添加，利用pH计测定碱土pH值变化。分离获得了硫化细菌lh-1，利用该菌株改良碱土以添加0.27% 硫粉混合硫化细菌效果最为明显，经过两个半月的改良，pH可从10.53降到8.23。     

Competitive and noncompetitive adsorption of silicate and phosphate by two acid Si-deficient soils and their effects on P and Si extractability

The effects of pH on the adsorption of silicate and phosphate, either singly or in competition, by two acid soils were investigated. Both soils adsorbed two to three times more P than Si and adsorption isotherms at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5 showed that increasing pH greatly increased Si adsorption but decreased that of P. Silicate adsorption was very low below pH 5.0, increased rapidly up to pH 9–10 before decreasing again. Adsorption of P was at a maximum at pH 2.0, decreased slowly up to pH 7.0 and then more rapidly above pH 7.0. When Si and P were added at equimolar concentrations, the presence of P decreased Si adsorption between pH 6.0 and 8.0 while the presence of Si decreased P adsorption in the pH region 6.0 and 11. Addition of calcium silicate at rates equivalent to 300, 600 and 1200 kg Si ha^?1 resulted in a progressive increase in soil pH. Separate samples of soil were treated with Ca(OH)₂ to give the same pH values so that the effect of Si could be identified. The highest rate of Si (1200 kg ha^?1 which gave a pH of 6.5) caused a significant decrease in P adsorption (as determined by adsorption isotherms) and an increase in resin-extractable P but the lower rates had little effect. Addition of P to the soil as calcium phosphate at rates equivalent to 30, 60 and 100 kg P ha^?1 all caused a decrease in Si adsorption capacity and an increase in CaCl₂-extractable Si. It was concluded that the strategy of adding Si to lower P requirements in acid soils is not likely to be effective while addition of fertilizer P may well lower Si adsorption and promote Si desorption and its increased mobility.     

pH值和碳氮比对微生物燃料电池脱氮除磷效果的影响

【目的】探究pH值和碳氮比对微生物燃料电池脱氮除磷的影响,找出适宜pH值的和碳氮比。【方法】采用单室微生物燃料电池装置,设置不同的阳极液的pH值(W1=5、W2=6、W3=7、W4=8、W5=9);选取pH值=7,设置不同的碳氮比(N1=1∶1、N2=2∶1、N3=4∶1、N4=8∶1、N5=16∶1),共10个处理,测量2个反应周期内输出电压值、COD、氨态氮、硝态氮、总氮和总磷的变化。【结果】在其他条件相同的情况下,只改变阳极液的pH值,输出电压随pH值增大先增大后减小;pH值为8时产电性能最佳,最大电压为204.74 mV;COD、氨态氮、硝态氮、总氮随pH值增大呈先降低后增大的趋势,在pH值为8时,其去除效率最高,分别为74%、38%、93%和58%;在pH值为9时,总磷的去除效率最优为24%。只改变碳氮比时,当碳氮比为4时电压最大,为158.33 mV;COD、氨态氮、硝态氮、总磷的去除率随碳氮比增大先增大后减小,当碳氮比为4时,COD的降解率最大为65%;当碳氮比为2时,氨态氮的降解效率最好为35%;当碳氮比为8时,硝态氮和总磷的去除效率最高,分别为96%和16%;总氮的去除效率随碳氮比的增大而提高,当碳氮比为16时,总氮的去除效率最高,为59%。【结论】碳氮比为4∶1、pH值为8时可以取得较好的脱氮除磷效果。     

盐碱交互胁迫对生姜产量和品质的影响及其数学模型的建立

采用二次饱和D- 最优设计，研究营养液pH 与盐交互胁迫对生姜产量和品质的影响，建立了以pH、盐水平为变量因子，生姜产量和品质为目标函数的二元二次数学模型。模型解析表明，pH 与盐水平对生姜的产量和品质存在显著的交互效应，盐水平为产量的主效应因子，pH 为品质的主效应因子。较低水平的pH 变化对生姜产量无显著影响，当pH 升至7.70时，生姜产量随pH 升高呈快速下降趋势；随盐含量的升高，生姜产量持续降低。随pH 的升高，生姜品质呈缓慢降低的趋势；盐含量在低于77.91 mmol · L^-1 时，生姜品质随盐含量的增加而升高，之后则随盐含量的增加而降低。     

添加秸秆对不同有机含量土壤酸度及缓冲性能的影响

通过向低（LSOM）、中（MSOM）、高（HSOM）及去除（RSOM）有机质土壤中添加玉米秸秆进行室内培养试验，研究秸秆添加量对不同有机质含量土壤酸度及缓冲性能的影响。结果表明，在15℃恒温培养150天后，土壤pH、交换性盐基离子、CEC和盐基饱和度的含量均随着秸秆添加量的增加而上升，交换性H⁺、交换性Al³⁺含量均随着秸秆添加量的增加而降低；其中，秸秆添加量为10~15 g/kg时，LSOM处理中土壤pH增幅、交换性Al³⁺及交换性H⁺含量减幅最大；秸秆添加量为15~20 g/kg时，在MSOM和HSOM处理中土壤pH增幅及土壤交换性Al³⁺、交换性H⁺含量减幅最大；且HSOM处理添加秸秆后对降低土壤酸度效果最好。土壤中添加秸秆后可明显提高土壤酸碱缓冲能力，且土壤对加碱侧表现出的缓冲区间比酸侧明显；土壤的缓冲容量随秸秆添加量增加而升高，且HSOM处理对酸碱缓冲能力 > MSOM处理 > LSOM处理 > RSOM处理。     

In Vitro and In Vivo Feedstuff Digestibility for Snook,Centropomus undecimalis,Juveniles

The degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the ingredients was evaluated for Centropomus undecimalis juveniles. The in vitro experiment included wheat gluten (WG), corn gluten (CG), soybean meal (SBM) and pretreated phytase (SBM + phytase), soy protein concentrate (SPC), canola meal (CAN) and pretreated phytase (CAN + phytase), poultry byproduct meal (PBPM), chicken meal (CHKM), dried whey (DW), Pota meal (PM: mix of giant squid, fish soluble protein concentrate, crustacean meal, and fish oil), and Protiblend (PTB: aquatic and render mix). The highest acidic DH occurred with PTB (0.38 ± 0.06), CHKM (0.33 ± 0.3), and PBPM (0.25 ± 0.03). In the alkaline condition, PTB (1.6 ± 0.17 and 0.98 ± 0.05 for pyloric caeca and intestine, respectively) and CG (1.04 ± 0.4 and 0.75 ± 0.2 for caeca and intestine, respectively) provided the highest DH values. In vitro digestibility demonstrated that PTB was the highest (85.3%) followed by PBPM (51.4%), CAN + phytase (47.6%), CG (45.1%), and CHKM (46.5%). The in vivo experiment concerned the WG, CHKM, PBPM, PM, and PTB diets plus a reference diet with fishmeal (Ref diet). The total %DH was different (P < 0.05) with the lowest values for the WG diet (0.34 ± 0.09%) and Ref diet (0.34 ± 0.15). Free amino acid released during digestion was displayed for these diets and a bifactorial analysis produced no difference (P > 0.05). The apparent digestive coefficients ranged from 89.8 to 92.9% for protein and from 68 to 71.4% for energy.     

生物炭对酸化茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构的影响

为探讨生物炭长期施用对酸化茶园土壤改良和真菌群落结构的影响,分析了按生物炭用量0、2.5、5、10、20、40 t·hm^-2施用5年后的茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构变化。结果表明,施用生物炭5年后的茶园土壤pH提高了0.16~1.11,可溶性有机碳含量提高了52.6%~92.3%,而铵态氮和硝态氮含量以10 t·hm^-2处理最高。施用生物炭5年后的土壤性质变化,进一步影响了真菌群落结构,表现为Chao指数、ACE指数和Shannon指数随生物炭用量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;提高生物炭施用量对茶园土壤次要作用的真菌（LDA值<3.50）丰度的增加效果高于优势真菌（LDA值>3.50）的效果,其中被孢霉属、木霉属、毛壳菌属的相对丰度增加,黑盘孢属的相对丰度降低。     

江西省耕地土壤pH值和养分状况调查

按中国第二次土壤普查推荐的土壤养分和pH值的分级标准，对2014年江西省5个不同区域(赣南、赣北、赣中、赣西、赣东北)的94个县(市)具有代表性的4 188个耕地土壤的养分和pH值的测定数据进行比较分析，探明江西省耕地土壤养分及pH状况。结果表明：江西省耕地土壤pH值平均为5.3，偏酸性；赣南、赣北耕地土壤有机质质量分数均值分别为28.5、25.8 g/kg，属中等水平，而赣中、赣西和赣东北土壤有机质质量分数均值分别为31.9、33.9、31.1 g/kg，属较丰富水平；赣南土壤碱解氮质量分数均值为144.4 mg/kg，属较丰富水平，其他4个区域的均值均高于150 mg/kg，属丰富水平；赣南、赣中土壤有效磷质量分数均值分别为21.8、21.6 mg/kg，属较丰富水平，其他3个区域的属中等水平；5个区域土壤速效钾质量分数均值均在50～100 mg/kg，属较缺乏水平。可见，江西省耕地土壤酸化严重，养分极不平衡。     

中国农耕区土壤有机质含量及其与酸碱度和容重关系

对我国农耕区土壤有机质区域变化及其与酸碱度和容重关系进行系统分析，为耕地地力提升和改善土壤结构提供支撑。基于国家级耕地长期定位监测点913个，统计分析全国及7大区域（东北NE、华北NC、西北NW、长江中游MYR、长三角YRD、华南SC、西南SW）耕层土壤有机质含量、酸碱度及容重变化特征。结果表明，全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量平均值为22.4~24.8 g/kg。其中有机质含量中等偏低的监测点位占比达72.5%。不同区域耕层土壤有机质含量差异显著（p<0.05），MYR耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于其他6个区域。全国农耕区耕层土壤pH和容重平均分别为（6.90±1.20），（1.30±0.15） g/cm³。不同土壤利用方式对土壤有机质、酸碱度及容重产生影响。水田耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于旱地，旱地耕层土壤pH和容重则显著高于水田。亚当斯方程和指数函数分别推荐拟合土壤容重对有机质含量响应关系（R²=0.09，RMSE=0.17，n=759），以及土壤pH对土壤有机质含量响应（R²=0.16，RMSE=1.24，n=886）。全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量总体中等偏低，呈现出东南向西北依次降低趋势。土壤pH及容重与土壤有机质呈现显著的负相关关系。亚当斯模型及指数方程能较好地拟合土壤容重及pH对有机质的响应关系，可用于非线性插值法补充土壤容重及pH缺失值。     

Changes in the carbon concentrations and other soil properties of some Scottish agricultural soils: Evidence from a resampling campaign

The change in soil carbon (C) concentration, soil pH and major nutrients for approximately 1,000 topsoil sampled from on-farm experimental sites over a thirty-year period from 1950 to 1980 in north-east Scotland are summarized. This period coincided with increased agricultural intensification, which included regular liming and fertilizer additions. During 2017, 37 of these sites were resampled and reanlaysed. While pH and extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) increased over this period, there was no detectable change in the percentage loss on ignition. Composite soil samples were taken by auger from a depth of 0–15 cm and compared with the corresponding archived samples collected at the initiation of each experiment. Analysis of these resampled soils indicated no significant change in soil carbon (C), although soil pH, extractable magnesium (Mg) and K and Nitrogen (N) concentrations were significantly greater (p < .001) but extractable soil P concentration was significantly less (p = .015) compared with the original samples. Even though measuring C concentration alone is a poor indicator of overall changes in soil C stocks, it does provide a relative quick “early warning” of C losses that would justify a more comprehensive measure of stocks.