烯效唑浸种对干旱胁迫下工业大麻幼苗形态、渗透调节物质及内源激素的影响

选用0.4 mg·L~(-1)的烯效唑(S_(3307))浸种工业大麻"火麻一号"种子,采用盆栽试验方法,于大麻三叶期设置清水浸种后正常供水(CK)、清水浸种后干旱胁迫(D)和烯效唑浸种后干旱胁迫(D+S)3个处理,探讨烯效唑浸种对干旱胁迫下工业大麻幼苗形态、渗透调节物质及内源激素的影响。结果表明:与D处理的植株相比,D+S处理显著提高了根系干、鲜重,分别提高46.67%～61.54%和16.46%～25.53%;恢复了胁迫后期的地上部干、鲜重,复水4 d后地上部干、鲜重较D处理分别提高了4.38%和2.23%;促进了根系生长的能力,干旱胁迫8 d后,D+S处理较D处理根长、根表面积、根体积、根总投影面积、分枝数、交叉数和根尖数分别增加了34.48%、34.77%、69.10%、70.00%、29.62%、54.28%和33.07%;提高了幼苗叶片SPAD值,降低了细胞膜透性,增加了可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,干旱胁迫8 d后D+S处理较D处理SPAD值增加了28.30%,细胞膜透性减少了17.22%,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别增加了17.32%～36.78%和5.07%～7.94%。干旱胁迫8 d后,D+S处理使工业大麻叶片中脱落酸(ABA)含量增加了1.02倍,水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)含量分别降低了17.79%和14.40%。可见,烯效唑浸种能通过调控工业大麻幼苗生长及生理指标来增强其抗旱能力,缓解干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害。     

5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

大花序桉幼苗营养吸收及分配规律研究

对大花序桉幼苗生物量及营养元素进行测定,结果表明,大花序桉苗木平均单株生物量大小排序为茎>根>叶。幼苗主要营养含量和吸收积累规律为K>N>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Ca>Cu>Mg。大量元素N、P、K贮量最高的部位均为茎,根部和叶中含量相近。大花序桉苗期叶片对主要营养元素N、P和K的吸收分配间存在相互促进的关系;Mg与Ca,Cu与P、K,Zn与N、K、Cu、Fe,Fe与N呈现互相促进关系;Mn与N、Fe、K、Cu,B与P、Cu为相互抑制关系。据此,大花序桉苗期以氮、磷、钾肥为主,其中要求养分K₂O>N>P₂O₅,并有针对性地添加铁肥、锌肥和铜肥。     

4种非生物胁迫下小麦幼苗表型及可溶性蛋白含量的变化

对小麦幼苗分别进行低温(4℃)、高温(42℃)、高盐(800 mM NaCl)及干旱(20%PEG)4种非生物胁迫,从麦苗生长表型及其根、茎、叶片总可溶性蛋白含量的变化方面分析不同胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及生理变化的影响。结果表明:经过4种胁迫处理后,小麦幼苗生长均处于不同程度的抑制状态,高温、高盐和干旱胁迫下植株干枯明显,低温下植株明显较对照矮小;高温胁迫后幼苗根长仅5 cm左右,比正常植株短8~9 cm,高盐、干旱及低温条件下植株根长比正常植株短4.83 cm;4种胁迫下叶片长度也明显小于正常植株。胁迫直接导致了小麦根、茎和叶中可溶性蛋白含量不同程度的增加,根中总蛋白含量较茎和叶中低,根对胁迫也最为敏感,高温胁迫12 h后,根中总蛋白含量达到最大3.92μg·mg~(-1),高温胁迫24 h后,茎中总蛋白含量接近15μg·mg-1,而叶片中总蛋白的含量却保持72 h持续增长的状态。     

Growth and development of Cirsium arvense in relation to herbicide dose,timing of herbicide application and crop presence

The aim of this study is to assess control effects of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) dosage, application timing and crop presence on the weed Cirsium arvense. Swedish farmers are recommended to control C. arvense chemically when most shoots are 10-20 cm tall, and mechanically at the compensation point (CP). Recent studies have shown that the CP occurs before shoots reach the three-leaf stage. We hypothesised that (i) herbicide application near the three-leaf stage gives the strongest control, (ii) crop presence increases herbicide effects, and (iii) a 50% herbicide dose gives the same effect as 100%. Treatments of the pot experiment consisted of MCPA 750; 0%, 50% and 100% of the recommended dose applied at leaf stages 3-8, with and without barley. The strongest control was obtained at four leaves and a maximum shoot height of 13 cm, using the recommended dose and with spring barley. In a field population, a maximum shoot height of 13 cm corresponded to a medium height of 6 cm. The 50% dose gave poorer control. Spraying with the recommended dose at the four-leaf stage reduced the development of C. arvense most effectively. Based on this, we recommend that herbicide spraying should be performed at earlier leaf stages/median heights than previously recommended.     

茄果类蔬菜日光温室智能化育苗关键控制技术

为了制定出1套可操作性强的日光温室智能化育苗关键控制技术体系,经实践并结合智能化育苗数据检测控制及管理系统,总结和完善了茄果类蔬菜幼苗不同阶段对温度、基质湿度及光照等的具体要求,最终形成了1套可操作性强的技术体系。     

上海半自然森林更新苗物种组成与多样性研究

城市半自然森林具有独特的群落结构和生物多样性特征,研究城市化影响的半自然森林更新特征,可以为城市生物多样性保育与地带性植被恢复重建提供借鉴。文章以上海辰山残存半自然森林1 hm^2固定监测样地为对象,调查分析半自然森林更新苗的物种组成特征。结果表明:1 hm^2样地更新苗共5 937株,分属22科32属37种,其中上海自然分布的乡土种占57.89%,明显高于城市人工林的乡土树种比例;香樟、构树、天竺桂、朴树和小蜡等5种更新苗占总数的57.2%,聚集性分布格局明显;在11个植被群落类型中,各类型更新苗的丰富度普遍较高,不同树种的更新苗存活和发育潜力存在差异。     

不同浓度NAA/6BA配比对不同品种甘薯茎尖培养特性的影响

为明确不同品种甘薯茎尖培养的最佳NAA/6BA配比,设置0.1 mg/L/2.5 mg/L、0.2 mg/L/2.5 mg/L、0.2 mg/L/1.0 mg/L 3组NAA/6BA浓度配比处理,观测不同浓度激素处理对‘北京553’、‘红香蕉’、‘苏薯8号’、‘烟薯25’、‘安吉芋’、‘济徐23’、‘渝紫7号’、‘商薯19’茎尖培养成苗率、愈伤组织直径、不定根数目、叶片数和植株高度的影响,同时调查不同品种试管苗的移栽成活率。结果表明,‘红香蕉’、‘济徐23’、‘渝紫7号’、‘商薯19’在0.1 mg/L/2.5 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高;‘安吉芋’在0.2 mg/L/2.5 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高;‘苏薯8号’、‘北京553’、‘烟薯25’在0.2 mg/L/1.0 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高。因此,在甘薯茎尖培养过程中,不同甘薯品种适宜的NAA/6BA配比存在显著差异,在实际生产中应根据品种特性来进行调整激素的用量和比例。     

番木瓜实生苗两性株的鉴定及其组培繁殖体系的建立

本研究以多重PCR技术鉴定的番木瓜实生苗两性株茎尖作为外植体,建立和优化了一套组培苗繁殖体系,解决了成龄侧芽来源的无根苗催根难和移栽成活率低的问题。以‘蔬罗’‘蜜红’番木瓜品种的实生苗,通过多重PCR鉴定出两性株,将其茎尖培养于MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+蔗糖 30 g/L+琼脂 6 g/L（pH 5.8）上,在28 ℃、2000 lx条件培养30 d后,继代于MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+KT 0.25 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6 g/L（pH 5.8）上,在28 ℃、2000 lx条件下培养30 d形成较为强壮的无根苗,接种于1/2MS+IBA 0.75 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L+KT 0.01 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂 6g/L（pH 5.8）上进行催根,在28 ℃、1500 lx条件下培养20 d后,用不同浓度营养生根水和不同处理时间对‘蔬罗’‘蜜红’无根苗进行移栽试验,以确定最佳催根率和移栽成活率的浓度和时间。研究结果表明：多重PCR技术鉴定性别的准确率达98%以上,‘蔬罗’在50 mg/L营养生根水和8 h处理条件下获得催根率为81.1%、移栽成活率为91.1%。而‘蜜红’品种则催根率为60%、移栽成活率为86.7%。因此利用这一技术获得的结果相比成龄侧芽优势明显,可用于番木瓜种苗的商业化生产。