1988-2018年哈密绿洲植被覆盖度时空变化及其驱动力

[目的] 对近30 a来哈密绿洲植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力进行分析，为该地区绿洲持续健康发展提供理论借鉴。[方法] 以1988，1998，2008及2018年4期影像为基础数据，利用像元二分模型计算了基于AFRI_SWIR2指数提取的植被覆盖度，利用动态度指数与植被覆盖度转移矩阵分析哈密绿洲植被覆盖度动态变化；再通过地理探测器对8个影响因子进行探测，探寻哈密绿洲植被覆盖度的驱动因子。[结果] 近30 a来哈密绿洲面积从1988年的214 km²增长到2018年的632.1 km²，增幅达195%，但绿洲内植被覆盖度等级却较低，同时哈密绿洲面积主要扩展的区域在西北部和东南部区域；哈密绿洲的发展阶段可分为3个阶段：1988-1998年为低强度稳定期，1998-2008年为极度扩张期，2008-2018年为高强度稳定期。[结论] 土地利用类型变化是造成哈密绿洲植被覆盖度变化的直接原因，同时在近30 a内，人为因素对哈密绿洲植被覆盖状况的影响远高于自然因素。     

Impacts of water resource planning on regional water consumption pattern: A case study in Dunhuang Oasis,China

Water resources are critical for the existence and development of oases in endorheic basins. Thus, to enable sustainable development, it is fundamentally important to understand how to allocate and use these resources in a reasonable way. We therefore simulated and analyzed changes in water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis of China under three scenarios using a system dynamic model that corresponds to different water consumption pattern. This was done to assess the impacts of regional water resource planning (comprehensive planning of the rational use of water resource and protection of ecosystem services in the Dunhuang Basin) on water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis. The first of these, Scenario 1, is a baseline in which the status quo is maintained, while Scenario 2 incorporates the comprehensive effects of agricultural water-saving irrigation measures with an inter-basin water diversion project, and Scenario 3 focuses on ecological rehabilitation. In the baseline Scenario 1, the total water consumption within the Dunhuang Oasis increased progressively while agricultural water consumption remained extremely high and threatened overall ecological security. In contrast, Scenario 2 would decrease agricultural water consumption by almost 5.30×10⁷ m³ following the implementation of water-saving practices. The additional water allocated from an inter-basin water diversion project would play an important role in alleviating ecological strain on the oasis. Finally, in Scenario 3, the total irrigated land must be decreased to 20.6×10³ hm² by 2025 assuming that water supply for ecosystem restoration would be at least 50% of the total consumption. Although water resource planning plays a very important role in alleviating the ecological water crisis within the oasis, it is necessary to consider the suitable scale of oasis with regard to current water consumption pattern.     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡区辐射特征与热量平衡规律研究

根据巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠交汇处的民勤绿洲荒漠过渡区的长期连续实测资料 ,分析了该地区的辐射特征 ,研究了热量平衡各分量的变化特征及热量平衡规律。在绿洲荒漠过渡区 ,其太阳辐射、净辐射和反射辐射具有明显的日进程和季节变化规律 ;太阳辐射月总量最大值 (12 0 2 3 3kW·m- 2 )出现在 8月份 ,最小值(5 2 0 6 5kW·m- 2 )出现在 11月份 ;流动沙丘表面的反射率高于有植被覆盖的红柳和白刺灌丛沙丘表面的反射率 ,在植被生长季节更为明显 ,反射率日最大值分别为流动沙丘 (37 5 % ) >白刺沙丘 (2 9 7% ) >红柳沙丘 (2 7 9% ) ;流动沙丘表面接受的净辐射是植被覆盖区的 5 0 %～ 70 %左右。在绿洲荒漠过渡区生态系统的热量平衡中 ,占比例最大的是潜热通量 ,其次为感热通量和土壤热通量。随着荒漠化程度的加深 ,生态系统反射率增加 ,净辐射减少 ,而且热量平衡中感热通量和土壤热通量所占比例增加 ,而潜热通量比例减小。     

浅析唐山市玉田县中心广场景观设计

唐山市玉田县中心广场景观设计,结合了玉田的历史文化,努力做到与周围环境协调统一,构思新颖、布局合理、手法独特、材料创新,达到了理想的效果。该景观设计为小城镇中心广场的绿化设计提供了借鉴。     

干旱区绿洲农田防护林增产效益研究——以民勤绿洲为例

通过对民勤绿洲巴丹吉林沙漠边缘25条农田防护林带的详细调查,研究农田防护林对林带生态环境要素影响和林下作物的生长状况。结果表明：1）农田防护林对林下作物叶面积有显著影响（P〈0.05）,主要集中在林下1倍树高范围内;2）农田防护林土壤含水量和土壤温度均有显著影响,随着与林带距离的增加,不同深度土壤含水量呈增加趋势（F=...     

FEFLOW软件在地下水数值模拟中的应用——以柴达木盆地香日德绿洲为例

 作为我国内陆高寒干旱地区绿洲代表的青海柴达木盆地香日德绿洲,近年来由于大规模引水灌溉,使得下游局部地区生态环境恶化。为了定量分析灌溉引水对下游生态系统的影响,利用FEFLOW软件对研究区的地下水流进行数值模拟。结果表明:现状条件下潜水排泄量为3.93亿m3;区内用于绿洲灌溉合理可行的水资源量为1亿～1.5亿m3。所建立的模型合理可行,能够进行该地区地下水位动态预报,可为研究区水资源的合理开发提供科学依据。     

干旱区土壤盐渍化及其影响因子分析——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

采用遥感技术,以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲1989年TM和2001年ETM遥感影像和实际收集资料为基本数据源,在对影像准确分类的基础上,研究了该区盐渍化发生发展规律和形成原因.结果表明:该区土壤盐渍化向加重方向发展,中、重度盐渍地分别由1989年所占11.22% 和4.37% 上升至2001年17.68% 和5.17%,12年来人类活动对于土壤盐渍化过程干扰作用显著.     

石河子绿洲农业生态系统演替规律初探

研究分析玛纳斯河流域石河子绿洲农业生态系统演替规律结果表明,随着技术投入和市场的开放,绿洲农业生产力呈正向演替,而与之相应的生态环境部分呈逆向演替。人类活动是绿洲演替(正向或逆向)的根本动因,而绿洲所处的环境条件是加速其演替进程的关键,其中水资源时空分布及利用格局是主导因素。玛纳斯河流域农业生态系统良性演替需建立在绿洲资源要素时空优化配置及其协调开发利用上。     

Water and Energy Consumption by Agriculture in the Minqin Oasis Region

Water used in agriculture consumes much energy, mainly due to pumping water for irrigation, but the water-energy nexus is always neglected in arid and semi-arid areas. Based on hydrological observation data, irrigation data and socio- economic data over the past 50 yr, this study has derived a detailed estimate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural water use in the Minqin Oasis. Results show that the decreasing water supply and increasing demand for agriculture has caused severe water deficits over the past 50 yr in this region. The groundwater energy use rate rose by 76% between 1961 and 2009 because of the serious decline in groundwater levels. An increase in pump lift by an average 1 m would cause GHG emission rates to rise by around 2%. Over the past 10 yr, the GHG emissions from groundwater accounted for 65-88% of the total emissions from agricultural water. GHG emissions for diverted water varied from 0.047 to 0.074 Mt CO 2 e as the water input increased. Long distance conveyance and high pump lifts need more electricity input than groundwater abstraction does. Government policies have had a favorable effect on total emissions by reducing water abstraction. But groundwater depletion, exacerbated by a growing population and an expansion in arable land, remains the principal energy-water nexus challenge in the region. In response to the increasing water-energy crisis, energy-saving irrigation technology, matching to cost efficiencies, and better coordination between different infrastructural agencies could be feasible ways of rendering the water and energy sectors more sustainable over the long term.     

额济纳绿洲植被生态需水量空间分布

生态环境需水量是当前水资源管理等学科研究的重点和难点。以额济纳绿洲为例,采用GIS技术进行生态分区的基础上采用阿维里扬诺夫方法估算绿洲植被生态需水。结果表明:现状2009年绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为4.72262×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被生态需水分别占绿洲植被总需水量的8.8%、2.8%、34.3%、46.3%、6.8%、1.0%。要将植被恢复到20世纪80年代的规模,绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为7.12841×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被需水占绿洲植被总需水量的12.7%、4.5%、30.6%、39.6%、10.6%、2.0%。在现状流域水量分配方案下,平水年和枯水年都存在不同程度的缺水量。以上研究成果可为目前实施的生态水量调度提供技术支撑和参考。