Public perceptions of ecosystem services and preferences for design scenarios of the flooded bank along the Three Gorges Reservoir: Implications for sustainable management of novel ecosystems

The newly formed extensive flooded land associated with the Three Gorges Reservoir hold great potentials to provide ecosystem services (ESs) for surrounding cities and communities. Conflicting values and conventional management strategies may complicate and inhibit broad-scale decision-making for this novel ecosystem. Public attitudes are a crucial influence in the way this process plays out. This study was conducted to assess how the reservoir bank is perceived by the general public of Chongqing Municipality in terms of importance of riparian ESs, and preference for corresponding landscape design styles through photo-questionnaire interviewing. Although Chongqing citizens know little of the “ecosystem services” concept, they do recognise riparian environmental and ecological benefits especially the bank protection and pollution interception functions, while benefits of habitats for wildlife and flood attenuation were of less concern. Recreational values were least appreciated, which is inconsistent with other studies. This may be attributed to a wider, intensive environmental education in various social media in today’s China. But publicity has been dominated by toxic air, water and soil pollution control rather than the benefits of nature conservation and personal contact with nature. In line with recognition of ESs, there is quite strong preference for the forested design scenario and particularly vegetation components across the socio-demographic spectrum. Overall, socio-demographic variables have very low explanatory power for the perceptual responses. Our study also revealed misunderstandings around riparian functions and a gap between public expectations and special abiotic and biotic prerequisites in restoring novel ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this research to urban novel ecosystems in general, and implications for raising public awareness, engaging appropriate public values in sustainable design and management of such ecosystems.     

四方井水库建设主要生态环境影响及其保护措施

以拟建的四方井水库为例,从水库蓄水与淹没、大坝阻隔及上下游河道径流变化等方面,分析水库建设和运行对陆生动植物、水生生物及鱼类资源产生的影响;针对主要生态影响,结合工程布置、区域特点和景观要求,提出可行的对重点保护动植物、古树名木、鱼类资源、生态流量的保护措施,以期最大限度地降低不利生态环境影响,使工程经济效益、生态效益和社会效益得到协调发展。     

基于模糊层次分析法的生态环境脆弱性评价——以三峡水库生态屏障区湖北段为例

三峡水库生态屏障区的生态环境脆弱性评价,对屏障区自身生态系统的构建与维护、发挥屏障区对三峡水库水质和生态环境的安全保障功能,具有重要的意义。利用模糊层次分析法,基于GIS和RS技术,对屏障区湖北段的生态环境脆弱性进行了评价,并分析了主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)生态环境脆弱性以轻度、中度和潜在脆弱性为主,占屏障区总面积的74.9%,主要分布在秭归县中部和巴东县北部,严重脆弱区面积占总面积21.7%,主要分布在秭归县南部、巴东县中南部和夷陵区南部;(2)生态环境脆弱性级别较高的区域主要分布于高程800m以下、坡度25°以下、植被覆盖较低、人口密度较大的位置,人类活动是导致生态环境脆弱的重要原因;(3)在严重脆弱性区域通过构建农林复合系统,结合植树造林、生态恢复等措施,以提高植被覆盖度,是解决该区生态环境脆弱的可行性措施。     

桓仁水库初级生产力和限制性营养盐研究

2018年4月10日、6月11日、8月14日在桓仁水库的上游(江南九队)、中游(砬砬岗子)和下游(泗河大地)3个站位用500 mL具塞磨口瓶盛装采水器采集的水库水样,进行限制性营养盐原位试验,同时测定水中溶解氧和初级生产力,并检测分析水体理化指标,以查明辽宁桓仁水库氮磷分布、营养盐限制和初级生产力状况,保护桓仁水库生态系统的结构和功能完整性。试验结果显示,营养盐加富试验中,0.5 mg/mL氮+0.3 mg/mL磷的添加组可显著提高水体中的溶解氧水平(P<0.05);上游和中游氮磷比为2∶1、下游氮磷比为4∶1可显著提高水体中的溶解氧水平(P<0.05);初级生产力随季节变化特征明显,原始P/R系数均小于试验组。根据试验结果分析得知,桓仁水库营养盐限制因素受季节变化的影响显著,具有氮、磷双限制等特征;根据初级生产力判断桓仁水库为自养代谢型水体。     

天津于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物中碳· 氮· 磷分布及污染评价

对流域内33个河流表层沉积物样点的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和磷形态含量进行了测定,分析了沉积物中碳、氮、磷含量的分布特征及三者之间的相关性,并对于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物进行污染现状评价。结果表明:于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物TOC平均含量为0.99%,TN平均含量为0.15%,TP平均含量为1 904.93 mg/kg。相关性分析表明,沉积物TOC与TN呈极显著正相关(R2=0.794),TOC与草地面积比例呈极显著正相关,R2为0.685;TN和草地面积比例呈显著正相关(R2=0.392);TP与各种土地利用类型的相关性均不明显,但OP和Fe/Al-P与城镇居民用地面积比例呈极显著正相关,R2分别为0.664和0.698,与林地面积比例呈显著负相关,R2分别为-0.472和-0.403。有机指数和有机氮评价结果显示,有48.5%的采样点有机指数处于Ⅰ类水平,有39.4%和48.5%样点有机氮处于Ⅲ和Ⅳ类污染水平,表明于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物有机指数整体处于尚清洁及以上水平,受到有机污染程度较小,而流域内的有机氮污染相对较为严重。     

三峡水库城区消落带人工草本植被土壤养分含量研究

为研究三峡水库城区消落带人工植被种植后,经不同淹水时间土壤的化学特性变化规律,及探讨城区消落带植被重建对库区水质的潜在影响,分别对2012年6月、2013年3月、2013年5月、2013年7月、2013年9月城区消落带扁穗牛鞭草(Hc)、狗牙根(Cd)、小巴茅(Ss)和裸地土壤的pH值和养分含量进行了调查研究。结果表明,植被类型对土壤pH值、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、全磷(TP)含量有显著影响。综合而言,与裸地相比,人工草本植被土壤pH值和养分含量无显著差异。该区土壤pH值在6.5~8.5间波动。不同淹水时间的城区消落带土壤营养元素含量间存在较大差异。随取样时间的延长,裸地和人工植被土壤pH值、有机质含量呈波动变化。AN含量在2013年3月、2013年9月消落带刚开始落干时较高。然而,AP含量在2012年6月最大,此时,裸地、扁穗牛鞭草、狗牙根、小巴茅土壤AP含量分别为(2.62±0.30),(3.92±0.34),(1.08±0.16),(1.24±0.06)mg/kg。土壤全磷、全钾含量则在研究后期有所增加。研究表明,除地表植被、水文因素外,城市污水排放、强烈人为干扰、地表径流带来的点/面源污染等也影响该城区消落带土壤营养元素含量。对于三峡库区长江重庆主城区河段而言,由人工草本植被构建造成的水体富营养化程度有限。     

密云水库集水区水源涵养林生态价值计算的一种新方法

密云水库为北京市的主要水源,水库周边的水源涵养林对水库的水量和水质有巨大影响。通过新的计算公式V=Pa.Qa-Pb.Qb计算,每年由于水源林耗水带来经济损失为5 230.77万元,而因为PI=∑Ci/Coi,水源林净水作用节约的水处理费为94 302.9万元,两者相减得出其生态价值为89 072.13万元。     

Effects of closing mountain for forest restoration in the watershed of Miyun reservoir,Beijing

The paper provides a systematical analysis of ecological restoration effects of natural secondary forest of closurearea in Chao Guanxi Gou, Miyun County, Beijing. The results indicate that through more than twenty years of hillclosing afforestation since 1983, canopy closure has improved almost by 0.2; forest cover rate has raised from 7.2% to 93.8%; biodiversity, tree biomass and vegetation community have increased to a great extent. Compared with the average canopy closure before hillclosing afforestation in this area, it has improved to over 0.4 in average and increased by 0.1-0.2. The forest coverage degree has reached more than 90%. Consequently, the forest plays more important roles in intercepting precipitation, improving water storage capacity of soil, decreasing the surface runoff, and preventing soil and water loss.     

Photosynthetic physio-response of Taxodium ascendens seedlings to different soil water gradients

Four different kinds of water treatments were applied to study the photosynthetic eco-physiological characteristics of Taxodium ascendens seedlings in the environment of the Three Gorges hydro-fluctuation belt. The four kinds of water treatments were: normal growth water condition (CK), light drought stress (T1), soil water saturation (T2), and soil submersion (T3). The results showed that different water treatments could effectively influence the content of the photosynthetic pigment, leaf gas exchange and apparent resources use efficiency of T. ascendens seedlings. It was also demonstrated that the T. ascendens seedlings could not only tolerate water submersion and wet conditions but also endure a certain degree of drought. To establish a protection forest system in the hydro-fluctuation belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the species T. ascendens is suitable for planting in conditions of root submersion or water-saturated soil. In case it is planted in drought conditions, this tree species should be watered appropriately in order to keep its normal net photosynthetic rate. Translated from Forest Research, 2006, 19(1): 54–60 [译自: 林业科学研究]     

1995-2015年三峡库区土地利用变化分形研究

运用分形理论从空间形态视角基于分形维数模型对1995-2015年三峡库区土地利用变化进行分形研究.结果表明:①1995-2015年研究区土地利用斑块分形维数均小于临界值1.5,分形维数平均值由1.162 1下降至1.126 6,整体空间形态随时间变化趋于规则,空间结构趋于稳定;②1995-2015年,耕地斑块分形维数呈增加趋势,空间形态趋于不规则,空间结构趋于不稳定,林地、水域和草地分形维数呈降低趋势,空间形态趋于规则,空间结构趋于稳定;③建设用地和未利用地分形维数呈"先升后降"趋势,由于上升幅度均小于下降幅度,因而建设用地和未利用地空间形态整体趋于规则,空间结构趋于稳定.