两相分配(有机相-水相)生物反应器降解污染物的原理及应用

有毒有机污染物大多为人工合成的异生物合成物，具“三致”与生物难降解等特性，对环境和人类健康造成了严重的威胁。本文论述了两相分配生物反应器对有毒有机污染物的降解原理及其应用现状。该反应器基于热力学平衡原理，通过引入有机相，消除有机污染物对微生物的抑制作用，在快速降解污染物的同时实现体系的自控。现有研究表明。可高效降解苯、苯酚、BTX、多环芳烃等有毒有机污染物。此外，对该反应器的进一步研究与应用进行了展望。     

Biochar mediated alterations in herbicide breakdown and leaching in soil

Biochar application to soil has been proposed as a mechanism for improving soil quality and the long term sequestration of carbon. The implications of biochar on pesticide behavior, particularly in the longer term, however, remains poorly understood. Here we evaluated the influence of biochar type, time after incorporation into soil, dose rate and particle size on the sorption, biodegradation and leaching of the herbicide simazine. We show that typical agronomic application rates of biochar (10-100 t ha⁻¹) led to alterations in soil water herbicide concentrations, availability, transport and spatial heterogeneity. Overall, biochar suppressed simazine biodegradation and reduced simazine leaching. These responses were induced by a rapid and strong sorption of simazine to the biochar which limits its availability to microbial communities. Spatial imaging of ¹⁴C-labeled simazine revealed concentrated hotpsots of herbicide co-localized with biochar in the soil profile. The rate of simazine mineralization, amount of sorption and leaching was inversely correlated with biochar particle size. Biochar aged in the field for 2 years had the same effect as fresh biochar on the sorption and mineralization of simazine, suggesting that the effects of biochar on herbicide behavior may be long lasting. We conclude that biochar application to soil will reduce the dissipation of foliar applied pesticides decreasing the risk of environmental contamination and human exposure via transfer in the food chain, but may affect the efficacy of soil-applied herbicides.     

Association of Gallbladder Mucocele Histologic Diagnosis with Selected Drug Use in Dogs: A Matched Case‐Control Study

Background

The cause of gallbladder mucocele (GBM) formation in dogs currently is unknown. Many available drugs represent a newer generation of xenobiotics that may predispose dogs to GBM formation.

Objective

To determine if there is an association between the histologic diagnosis of GBM in dogs and administration of selected drugs.

Animals

Eighty‐one dogs with a histologic diagnosis of GBM and 162 breed, age, and admission date‐matched control dogs from a single referral institution.

Methods

Medical records of dogs with GBM and control dogs from 2001 to 2011 were reviewed. Owner verification of drug history was sought by a standard questionnaire. Reported use of heartworm, flea, and tick preventatives as well as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, analgesics, corticosteroids, or medications for treatment of osteoarthritis was recorded.

Results

Dogs with GBM were 2.2 times as likely to have had reported use of thyroxine (as a proxy for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism) as control dogs (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.949–5.051), 3.6 times as likely to have had reported treatment for Cushing''s disease (95% CI, 1.228–10.612), and 2.3 times as likely to have had reported use of products containing imidacloprid (95% CI, 1.094–4.723). Analysis of a data subset containing only Shetland sheepdogs (23 GBM and 46 control) indicated that Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation were 9.3 times as likely to have had reported use of imidacloprid as were control Shetland sheepdogs (95% CI, 1.103–78.239).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This study provides evidence for an association between selected drug use and GBM formation in dogs. A larger epidemiologic study of Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation and exposure to imidacloprid is warranted.     

Involvement of hepatic xenobiotic related genes in bromadiolone resistance in wild Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus (Berk.)

To examine the role of xenobiotic relevant genes in bromadiolone resistance in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) we compared the constitutive liver gene expression and expression upon bromadiolone administration in bromadiolone resistant and anticoagulant susceptible female rats using a LNA microarray and quantitative PCR. Resistant rats showed significantly higher constitutive expression of the cytochrome P450 genes Cyp2c13 and Cyp3a2 and lower expression of Cyp2e1 and Gpox1 compared to the susceptible rats. The Cyp1a2, Cyp2c13, Cyp2e1, Cyp3a2 and Cyp3a3 genes were significantly higher expressed in resistant than susceptible rats upon bromadiolone exposure. To establish how bromadiolone affected xenobiotic gene expression in the two strains we compared bromadiolone expression profiles to saline profiles of both strains. Bromadiolone mediated significant up-regulation of Cyp2e1 and Cyp3a3 expression in the resistant rats whereas the rodenticide conferred down-regulation of Cyp2e1, Cyp3a3 and Gpox1 and induction of Cyp2c12 expression in susceptible rats. Cyp2c13 and Cyp3a2 expression were markedly suppressed in both strains upon treatment. This suggests that xenobiotic relevant enzymes play a role in bromadiolone resistance in the Norway rat. A high constitutive expression of Cyp2c13 and Cyp3a2 and induction of Cyp1a2, Cyp2e1 and Cyp3a3 expression during bromadiolone exposure may increase the resistance to bromadiolone presumably by facilitating increased detoxification and decreased liver injury.     

施用外源物对尾矿土壤种植胡枝子修复效应初探

采用土培试验在两种尾矿土壤(废弃地和尾矿渣土)上种植耐性不同的两个胡枝子品种,通过添加客土、锯末,调控有机肥或无机肥等外源物,分析不同处理条件下胡枝子生物量、植株和土体内重金属含量,以明确外源物对尾矿土壤的修复效应。结果表明,二色胡枝子生物量整体上显著高于截叶胡枝子生物量;在所有处理中,废弃地上同时添加客土和有机无机肥的处理是二色胡枝子生物量最高的处理。外源肥料添加提高了两个品种地上部和根部的生物量,客土添加可能对改善立地生存的理化条件有较大帮助作用,更能体现出肥料的效果。两种土壤上添加客土或肥料,均较为显著地减少了截叶胡枝子根部和地上部重金属的吸收,而二色胡枝子效果不明显。两种土壤上添加外源物、种植不同品种胡枝子可以降低部分处理土壤中重金属含量,但通过植物种植直接摄取土壤中重金属的量是相对较少的。总之,客土添加、肥料施入均较为明显地改善了废弃地和尾矿渣土两类土壤的立地条件,增加了两种胡枝子的生物量,一定程度上限制了植物对重金属的吸收,土壤改良的基础上优先选择耐性品种是提高植物修复效果的上佳方案。     

Xenobiotic metabolism of plant secondary compounds in the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Plant secondary compounds have been documented to be deleterious to insects and other herbivores in diverse ways. In this study, the effect of catechol (phenolics), gramine (alkaloid) and L-ornithine-HCI (non-protein amino acid) on the activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, was evaluated. Phase I enzymes investigated in this study included carboxylesterase (CarE), and oxidoreductase, whereas Phase II enzymes were represented by glutathione S-transferase (GST). In general, CarE and GST activities in S. avenae were positively correlated with the concentration of plant secondary compounds in artificial diets. Oxidoreductase activity, however, displayed a different profile. Specifically, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in S. avenae were positively correlated with concentrations of dietary catechol and gramine, respectively, whereas catalase (CAT) activity was significantly suppressed by the higher concentration of catechol, gramine and L-ornithine-HCl. These combined results suggest that CarE and GST in S. avenae are key enzymes to breakdown a broad spectrum of plant secondary compounds, whereas oxidoreductase, including PPO and POD, degrades specific groups of plant secondary compounds.     

Organophosphate inhibition of an arylesterase from Lumbricus terrestris and reversal by pralidoxime

Several enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism have been identified in soil annelids. Their roles in the physiology and ecotoxicology of the organism are diverse and may parallel those found in mammalian species. Among these are the arylesterases. An arylesterase assayed by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate was identified in Lumbricus terrestris. This arylesterase appears to be a serine esterase, since it is sensitive to inhibition by metrifonate. This mechanism of inhibition is similar to that of cholinesterase, since pralidoxime can reverse the inhibition of arylesterase by metrifonate. The presence of this esterase in soil annelids may provide insight into the processing of environmental chemicals by soil annelids as well as in vitro commercial applications of esterases based upon their mechanism of catalysis and inhibition.