Enantioselective degradation kinetics of metalaxyl in rabbits

Metalaxyl [methyl-N-(2′-methoxyacetyl)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-d,l- alaninate] is a potent phenylamide fungicide. The (−)-(R)-isomer accounts for most of the fungicidal activity. A possible stereo and/or enantioselective kinetics of metalaxyl in rabbits was investigated by intravenous injection. The concentrations of (−)-(R)- and (+)-(S)-metalaxyl in plasma, liver, and kidney tissue were determined by HPLC with a cellulose-Tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. After intravenous administration of racemic metalaxyl (40 mg/kg), the (+)-(S)-enantiomer levels in plasma, liver, and kidney decreased more rapidly than the (−)-(R)-isomer. The area ratio of the (−)-(R)-/(+)-(S)-enantiomer under the concentration-time curve (AUC_0 → ∞) in plasma after drug application was 1.62. The total plasma clearance value of the (+)-(S)-enantiomer was 1.53 and higher than that of the (−)-(R)-enantiomer. The [R]/[S] ratio in plasma was >1 for standard rac-metalaxyl at each time point. The other pharmacokinetic parameters of the enantiomers were also different. The results indicate substantial stereoselectivity in the degradation of metalaxyl enantiomers in rabbits.     

Influence of the physical and chemical properties of soil on the retention process of isoxaflutole and its two main derivatives

Isoxaflutole is a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in maize and sugarcane. Its two main derivatives are a diketonitrile derivative, the 2‐cyano‐3‐cyclopropyl‐1‐(2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)propan‐1,3‐dione, named DKN, and a benzoic acid derivative, the 2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, named BA. The adsorption/desorption processes have never been studied for isoxaflutole (IFT) at high concentrations nor for BA, and the present work aimed at completing the knowledge of the behaviour of these three molecules in conditions close to those encountered in the context of agricultural use. The adsorption/desorption study was conducted on seven soils of different physical and chemical properties, using the batch equilibrium technique. During the experiments, IFT was chemically converted into DKN in a continuous manner. This reaction appeared to be dependent on the pH of the soil and was taken into account in the calculations of the adsorbed and desorbed amounts. The adsorption isotherms obtained were predominantly C‐shaped for IFT and DKN and S‐shaped for BA, but some differences appeared on a few soils. They fitted well the Freundlich equation, and the values of the Freundlich coefficient K_fa showed that, whatever the soil, IFT was more adsorbed than its two derivatives. The main parameter influencing the adsorption of IFT appeared to be the organic matter content, whereas this effect was not evident for DKN and BA. No correlation was found between the extent of adsorption and either clay content or pH of the soil, for the three molecules.     

莫莫格湿地干-湿界面优势植物种群动态分析

莫莫格湿地从高河漫滩底端到顶端选取有代表性的植物群落片断作为固定观测样带,并设置6个观测样方,生长季5月、7月、9月3次观测结果表明,小叶章优势种群5月份密度最高达1154-1594株/平方米,7月种群数量下降,9月有所升高;踏头苔草优势种群5-7月份密度在3 414-7 193株/平方米,9月份种群数量大幅度下降;土壤相对含水量低地段小叶章种群相对优势度大,土壤相对含水量高地段踏头苔草种群相对优势度大,局部地段生长季内有相对优势度相互替代过程,莫莫格湿地干-湿界面上小叶章和踏头苔草两个种群可以共存。     

女贞子提取物对绵羊瘤胃日粮养分48 h降解率的影响

选用安装瘤胃瘘管的绵羊4只,分别饲喂含0、100、300和500mg.kg-1女贞子提取物的饲粮,通过4×4拉丁方实验设计,系统研究了饲喂女贞子提取物对DM、CP、ADF和NDF降解率的影响。结果表明,培养48h后,饲喂女贞子提取物提高了NDF、ADF降解率(P>0.05);对DM、CP降解率未产生影响。     

禽粪好氧堆肥发酵高温阶段微生物的分离及其作用

文章对禽粪好氧堆肥发酵高温阶段微生物数量趋势及其对堆料中主要有害物质的降解作用进行了研究。微生物数量趋势排序为细菌>放线菌>霉菌。各类微生物降解情况为:淀粉类主要由细菌降解,放线菌次之,霉菌无效;蛋白类也主要是细菌降解,放线菌和霉菌均有一定作用;填充料秸秆中的纤维素类降解主要是放线菌和霉菌,细菌并未表现出效果。     

莫比朗在柑桔和土壤中的残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了莫比朗在柑桔和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。样品用乙腈提取,过Envi-Florial固相小柱净化,液相色谱紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。残留动态试验结果表明,施药浓度为推荐剂量的两倍时(有效成分120g·hm-2),莫比朗在柑桔中的半衰期分别为7.00～8.90d,土壤中为4.00～6.38d。在有效成分为60g·hm-2的剂量下,施药3次,施药后第21d柑桔中莫比朗残留量低于0.10mg·kg-1。     

3种水生植物对水溶液中乐果的降解作用研究

通过在人工配制的含有机磷农药乐果的营养液中培养水生植物,研究了水葱、香蒲和石菖蒲对水溶液中有机磷农药乐果的去除效果,并探讨了水葱对乐果降解的动力学过程。结果表明,在抑菌条件下,3种植物都能够显著促进乐果的降解,去除能力为:水葱>香蒲>石菖蒲。水葱10d内对5mg·L-1乐果的去除率为59.8%,香蒲和石菖蒲组对乐果的去除率分别为42.5%和36.9%。在不抑菌条件下,水葱对乐果的去除符合一级动力学方程,去除速率常数为0.099d-1,水溶液中未检测到乐果降解的中间产物。     

青海省草地退化的成因及防治措施

青海省天然草地面积分布广、面积大,但受气候变暖、过度放牧、鼠虫危害、水土侵蚀及其它因素的影响,草地退化成为了一种长期而广泛的现象。青海省的草地资源正在经历自然退化+人为封育的过程,虽然封育有一定的效果,但由于多种因素影响,草地退化面积仍然很大,针对青海省草地退化的问题,本文基于该区草地退化的影响因素,提出了一系列草地资源保护和区域生态可持续发展的措施建议,以期促进青海省草地封育的成效,科学的治理草地退化,加速生态系统恢复,促进人与自然和谐发展。     

Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss,Buchloe dactyloides,leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions

BACKGROUND: Neonicotinoid insecticides are generally efficacious against many turfgrass pests, including several important phloem‐feeding insects. However, inconsistencies in control of western chinch bugs, Blissus occiduus, have been documented in field efficacy studies. This research investigated the efficacy of three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) against B. occiduus in buffalograss under field conditions and detected statistically significant differences in B. occiduus numbers among treatments. A subsequent study documented the relative quantity and degradation rate of these insecticides in buffalograss systemic leaf tissues, using HPLC. RESULTS: Neonicotinoid insecticides initially provided significant reductions in B. occiduus numbers, but mortality diminished over the course of the field studies. Furthermore, while all three neonicotinoids were present in the assayed buffalograss leaf tissues, imidacloprid concentrations were significantly higher than those of clothianidin and thiamethoxam. Over the course of the 28 day study, thiamethoxam concentrations declined 700‐fold, whereas imidacloprid and clothianidin declined only 70‐fold and 60‐fold respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Field studies continued to verify inconsistencies in B. occiduus control with neonicotinoid insecticides. This is the first study to document the relative concentrations of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss systemic leaf tissues. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

分布型过牧:一个被忽视的内蒙古草原退化的原因

过牧已成为学界和决策部门普遍认可的草原退化原因之一。它是基于牲畜总数超过草原承载力这一简单逻辑来定义的。为了消除过牧,中国采取许多措施以降低牲畜数量和增加草料产量。但是,草原"整体恶化"的局面并没有改变。通过案例调查研究村一级的草原管理和牲畜分布方式,本文提出除了目前单纯强调牲畜总量的解释("数量型过牧")外,由于产权制度变化引起的牲畜分布变化也是导致草原退化的重要原因,本文将其定义为"分布型过牧"。