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1.
高兴祥  李健  张悦丽  李美  房锋 《中国农业科学》2020,53(17):3518-3526
【背景】大穗看麦娘(Alopecurus myosuroides)是我国大陆近几年新发展蔓延的一种恶性禾本科杂草,目前已在山东、河南、河北、安徽等省有分布,且分布面积不断扩大。【目的】明确山东省冬小麦田大穗看麦娘对常用除草剂的抗性水平及部分种群产生抗性的机理,并评价不同除草剂对其田间防除效果,为制定小麦田大穗看麦娘防控技术规程提供理论依据。【方法】室内采用整株生物测定法测定9个大穗看麦娘种群对乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂除草剂啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆以及乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)抑制剂除草剂唑啉草酯、炔草酯、精噁唑禾草灵共5种除草剂的抗性水平,并对产生抗性的种群进行靶标基因检测,同时分别在冬前和冬后开展田间试验,评价不同除草剂对大穗看麦娘的田间防除效果。【结果】室内测定结果表明,种群8(JN2)对啶磺草胺和甲基二磺隆产生明显抗性,相对抗性指数分别达到47.32、15.97,靶标基因检测显示,该种群内植株ALS基因编码的第197位点氨基酸发生由脯氨酸(CCC)到苏氨酸(ACC)的突变;所有种群对唑啉草酯、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵均表现敏感。田间试验结果表明,冬前使用除草剂对大穗看麦娘的防除效果优于冬后使用除草剂的效果,冬前唑啉草酯对大穗看麦娘鲜重防效为98.6%,而冬后处理为89.1%;冬前使用啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆对大穗看麦娘的株防效和鲜重防效在72.2%—89.3%,冬后使用则为68.6%—83.2%;唑啉草酯、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵对大穗看麦娘均表现出很好的防除效果,冬前使用的株防效和鲜重防效均在96.2%以上,冬后使用在82.6%—92.2%。【结论】供试的9个大穗看麦娘种群中,发现1个种群对甲基二磺隆、啶磺草胺产生较高抗性,但未发现对唑啉草酯等产生抗性的种群,室内试验和田间试验结果具有一致性。  相似文献   
2.
To support their combined use, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of benazepril and pimobendan on serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) activity in dogs. A total of 48 healthy beagle dogs were randomized into four groups (= 12 per group) in a parallel‐group design study: A (control, placebo twice daily (BID)); B (0.5–1.0 mg/kg benazepril once daily (SID) in the morning, placebo in the evening); C (0.25–0.5 mg/kg benazepril BID); D (0.25–0.5 mg/kg benazepril and 0.125–0.25 mg/kg pimobendan, both BID). The test items were administered orally for 15 days. Serum ACE activity was measured on days 1 and 15. Groups B, C and D had significantly lower average serum ACE activity compared to baseline and to the control group, on both days 1 and 15. There were no significant differences in average ACE activity between groups B, C and D. Noninferiority of group C to B was demonstrated. In conclusion, 0.25–0.5 mg/kg benazepril administered BID produced noninferior inhibition of serum ACE activity compared to 0.5–1.0 mg/kg benazepril dosed SID. Pimobendan had no significant effect on benazepril's action on serum ACE activity. The results support the use of benazepril BID in dogs and in combination with pimobendan.  相似文献   
3.
脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
【目的】本研究旨在阐明脲酶抑制剂(urease inhibitor,UI)和硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor,NI)对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响,探讨抑制剂提高稻谷产量以及氮肥利用率的机理。【方法】本试验设在我国南方红壤稻田,共5个处理:1)不施氮肥(CK);2)尿素(U);3)尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+UI);4)尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+NI);5)尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+UI+NI);脲酶抑制剂采用N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂采用3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)。在水稻分蘖期和孕穗期测定土壤脲酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量以及微生物碳、氮的含量,分析NBPT与DMPP对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率,通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP在稻田的增效机理。【结果】1)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施均显著提高稻谷产量与地上部氮素回收率,两个处理分别增产6.56%与8.24%,氮素回收率提高幅度为19.4%与23.7%。2)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施,显著降低水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,所有处理对两个时期的硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、微生物量碳、氮含量均无显著影响;因此,NBPT对于抑制脲酶活性以及提高铵态氮含量的作用主要在孕穗期之前,而单施DMPP没有显著效应。3)从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无显著影响。【结论】脲酶抑制剂NBPT以及NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP配施显著提高孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,显著提高稻谷产量以及地上部氮素回收率,证明了生产上氮肥后移的重要意义。  相似文献   
4.
5.
Sarcomas represent a group of genomically chaotic, highly heterogenous tumours of mesenchymal origin with variable mutational load. Conventional therapy with surgery and radiation therapy is effective for managing small, low‐grade sarcomas and remains the standard therapeutic approach. For advanced, high‐grade, recurrent, or metastatic sarcomas, systemic chemotherapy provides minimal benefit, therefore, there is a drive to develop novel approaches. The discovery of “Coley's toxins” in the 19th century, and their use to stimulate the immune system supported the application of unconventional therapies for the treatment of sarcomas. While promising, this initial work was abandoned and treatment paradigm and disease course of sarcomas was largely unchanged for several decades. Exciting new therapies are currently changing treatment algorithms for advanced carcinomas and melanomas, and similar approaches are being applied to advance the field of sarcoma research. Recent discoveries in subtype‐specific cancer biology and the identification of distinct molecular targets have led to the development of promising targeted strategies with remarkable potential to change the landscape of sarcoma therapy in dogs. The purpose of this review article is to describe the current standard of care and limitations as well as emerging approaches for sarcoma therapy that span many of the most active paradigms in oncologic research, including immunotherapies, checkpoint inhibitors, and drugs capable of cellular metabolic reprogramming.  相似文献   
6.
ZHAO Li  YIN Xin-hua 《园艺学报》2018,34(10):1769-1777
AIM: To investigate the changes of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP2 and TIMP1) in the myocardial fibrosis induced by cyclosporin A (CsA), and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Female Wistar rats (n=64, 6~8 weeks old) weighing (200±25) g were randomly divided into 4 groups[control, low dose of CsA (5 mg·kg-1·d-1), medium dose of CsA (12.5 mg·kg-1·d-1) and high dose of CsA (25 mg·kg-1·d-1)]. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with saline and different doses of CsA, respectively. CsA was continuously administered for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, and then the animals were killed to collect samples. HE staining was used to observe the morphological structure of myocardium. Masson staining was used to observe the deposition of myocardial collagen and the degree of myocardial fibrosis. The protein expression levels of MMP2, MMP9, TIMP2 and TIMP1 were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS: HE staining showed that CsA induced cardiomyocyte edema, eosinophilic changes in the cytoplasm, fine granular and vacuolar changes in cardiomyocytes, disappearance of myocardial striae, nuclear condensation, and myocardial focal necrosis and fibrosis. Masson staining showed that the degree of myocardial interstitial fibrosis was getting worse with the increase in the duration and doses of CsA exposure. The results of immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that the expression of MMP2 in CsA groups was significantly increased in the process of CsA-induced myocardial fibrosis. In each CsA dose group, MMP2 was highly expressed at the first week, and the expression was gradually decreased over time. In contrast, the expression of TIMP2 was increased gradually in a time-and dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Compared with control group, MMP9 expression level was low at the first week, increased at the second week, and decreased at the third week (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the expression of TIMP1 was dose-dependently increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: CsA induces myocardial injury and interstitial fibrosis in rats in a dose-and time-dependent manner. CsA-induced myocardial fibrosis is associated with changes of MMPs and TIMPs, and is affected by the imbalance of MMPs/TIMPs.  相似文献   
7.
生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
为探讨生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究生化抑制剂组合[N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、N-丙基硫代磷酰三胺(NPPT)和2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶(CP)]与施肥模式(一次性和分次施肥)互作对黄泥田稻季氨(NH3)挥发动态变化的影响。结果表明:黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失主要集中于施肥后1周,峰值发生在第1~3 d。生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失量的效应显著。尿素分次施用处理稻季NH3挥发净损失率较一次性施用处理显著降低24.6%。不同施肥模式下,硝化抑制剂CP处理显著提高田面水NH+4-N峰值和NH3挥发速率峰值,增加稻田NH3挥发损失量;脲酶抑制剂NBPT/NPPT或配施CP处理明显延缓尿素水解,降低NH3挥发速率峰值,减少稻田NH3挥发损失量。新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT单独施用及与CP配施的稻田NH3挥发动态变化与NBPT相似。相关性分析表明,稻田NH3挥发速率与田面水NH+4-N浓度和pH值呈显著正相关,而与气温、土温和土壤相对湿度无显著相关性。总之,生化抑制剂组合与适宜的运筹相结合更能有效减少黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失。  相似文献   
8.
为了高效分离油茶蒲中的脂肪酸合酶(FAS)抑制剂,以乙醇-水为洗脱液,采用大孔树脂D101对油茶蒲提取物进行梯度洗脱,并用高速逆流色谱(HSCCC)对其中的40%乙醇洗脱馏分(40F)进行分离。结果表明,D101大孔树脂洗脱馏分中40F的多酚含量最高,并且其对脂肪酸合酶的抑制活性最强,半抑制浓度为0.61μg·m L-1。以氯仿∶乙醇∶水∶乙酸(4∶3∶2∶0.01,v/v/v/v)为分离溶剂体系,上相为固定相,下相为流动相,转速850 r·min-1,流速2 m L·min-1,在该条件下采用HSCCC对40F进行分离可以纯化得到鞣花酸和3-O-甲基鞣花酸-4'-O-葡萄糖苷,纯度均为95%以上。因此,采用大孔树脂-高速逆流色谱能够简便、高效地分离制备油茶蒲中的脂肪酸合酶抑制剂单体,这为油茶蒲的开发利用及进一步的功能研究奠定了基础。  相似文献   
9.
以NBPT(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺)和DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)为复合抑制剂,利用转鼓喷涂工艺,开发出新型复合型抑制剂涂覆尿素肥料,采用扫描电镜和能谱仪分析其涂覆效果。通过田间试验系统对比评价了追施不同氮肥对调控氮素的特征效果。试验设置5个处理:(1)不施氮肥(CK);(2)农民习惯追施尿素(CU);(3)优化追施尿素(CUU);(4)优化追施抑制剂涂覆尿素(CUY1);(5)优化追施抑制剂涂覆尿素(CUY2)。在夏玉米喇叭口期、冬小麦拔节期追施氮肥后的15天内进行田间原位连续动态观测。电镜和能谱结果表明,复合抑制剂均匀涂覆于尿素表面,形成薄而致密、光滑的涂覆层,该涂覆层均匀分布有磷和硫2种元素,表明复合抑制剂与尿素已有效结合。田间试验结果表明,在同等优化施氮量下与普通尿素相比,夏玉米和冬小麦季追肥后CUY1和CUY2处理氨挥发分别降低55.19%,32.15%和52.46%,39.43%。夏玉米季追肥后,0-20 cm土层CU、CUU处理土壤硝态氮含量于第5天达到峰值,到后期已显著低于CUY1、CUY2处理,CUY2处理稳定硝态氮的效果更好。冬小麦季追肥后,0-20 cm土壤硝态氮含量CU、CUU处理分别在第5,3天达到峰值,CUY1、CUY2处理于第11天达到峰值后,硝态氮含量已显著高于相同施氮量的CUU处理。在保证产量和净收益的同时,抑制剂涂覆尿素显著降低了追施氮素的氨挥发和淋溶损失浓度,其中冬小麦季CUY1处济效益较好,夏玉米季CUY2调控氮素的效果最佳,减少向下淋溶的效果明显。  相似文献   
10.
Background : Manganese deficiency often becomes a yield limiting factor, particularly on calcareous soils, even though the total soil manganese content is usually sufficient. Although it is known that acidifying N fertilizers can improve Mn availability, the reason of this effect is still unknown. Aim : Our aim was to investigate the effect of stabilized ammonium fertilizers as a tool to distinguish between physiological‐ and nitrification‐induced acidification. Method : Two pot experiments with Triticum aestivum L. and one soil incubation experiment using different nitrogen forms (CN = calcium nitrate, AN = ammonium nitrate, AS = ammonium sulfate, ATS = ammonium thiosulfate) with and without addition of nitrification inhibitors (DCD, Nitrapyrin, Piadin, DMPP) were conducted to examine the effect on Mn availability in the soil and Mn uptake by the plants at different development stages (EC 31 und 39). Results : With increasing fertilizer NH 4 + content a higher Mn concentration was detected: CN: 32 µg Mn g?1 DM, AN: 39 µg Mn g?1 DW, AS: 55 µg Mn g?1 DM, ATS: 109 µg Mn g?1 DM. The addition of a nitrification inhibitor resulted in a significantly lower rhizosphere pH compared to the non‐stabilized fertilizer. Surprisingly, the use of different nitrification inhibitors led to unchanged (CN, AN) or lower Mn concentrations of wheat. Especially in the NH 4 + treatments (AS and ATS), this negative effect was very evident (AS+DCD: 42 µg Mn g?1 DM; ATS+DCD: 55 µg Mn g?1 DM). Conclusions : Mn availability was enhanced by ongoing nitrification process rather than physiological acidification. Compared to other N forms, ammonium thiosulfate led to the highest Mn availability in bulk soil.  相似文献   
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