水稻对硅元素吸收特性研究

[目的]研究水稻对硅元素的吸收特性。[方法]以水稻为材料,采用水培试验,设置0.085、0.850 mmol/L 2个硅水平,明确水稻对硅的吸收模式。[结果]在2个硅处理下水稻在12 h的总吸硅量明显高于蒸腾吸硅量,二者都随着时间的延长逐渐升高,并且蒸腾吸硅量占总吸硅量的比值表现为高硅浓度处理高于低硅浓度处理;2个处理在6 h内的硅吸收都受到了代谢抑制剂和低温的抑制,并且表现为高硅浓度的抑制程度低于低硅浓度的抑制程度;2个处理在12 h内木质部汁液硅浓度随时间的延长逐步升高,而外部溶液硅浓度随时间的延长逐步降低,并且木质部汁液硅浓度比外部溶液的硅浓度高数倍。[结论]水稻对硅的吸收存在主动吸收和被动吸收2个过程,尤其在高硅浓度处理下,被动吸收更不能忽视。     

桃铁离子吸收动力学研究

以毛桃幼苗为试材，对不同铁形态、pH值和盐胁迫条件下铁离子吸收动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明，pH是影响铁吸收的主要因素，不同铁形态的有效性随pH的变化而变化；pH和铁形态影响桃铁离子吸收动力学参数Km和Imax；NaCI胁迫对盐敏感性植物（桃）铁吸收特性的影响，可能与质膜透性、载体系统活性以及介质中有效铁含量有关。     

盐分和水分胁迫对落羽杉幼苗的生长量及营养元素含量的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法 ,研究了不同土壤水分下盐胁迫对 1年生落羽杉实生苗的生长及营养吸收的影响。试验共 12种处理 ,3种水分水平 (W1 ,淹水 ;W2 、W3,土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的 75 %和 2 5 % ) ,每种水分下设 4种盐分处理 (NaCl含量为土壤干重的 0、0 15 %、0 3%和 0 4 5 % ) ,处理时间为 130d。结果表明 :土壤盐分胁迫下落羽杉幼苗的生长及对营养的吸收发生了显著的变化 ,这种变化又因土壤含水量的不同而不同。落羽杉相对高生长、相对地径生长和生物量增量随着土壤盐分浓度的增加和土壤水分含量的减少而减少。在淹水条件下 ,随着土壤盐分浓度的增加 ,落羽杉幼苗根、茎、叶中全N、全P、全Na,以及叶片中的全Ca、全Fe的含量均随着升高 ,而根、茎中的全Fe、全Ca、全Mg含量差异较小。在W2 水分条件下 ,各种盐分处理都在不同程度上增加了根、茎、叶中全N、全Na、全Ca和全Fe含量 ,茎和叶中全P、全K和全Mg含量 ,而根系中的全P、全K和全Mg含量在盐分浓度较高时有所下降。在W3水分条件下 ,各种土壤盐分不同程度地增加了叶片全N、全P和全K含量 ,茎和叶中全Mg和全Ca含量 ,以及根、茎、叶中全Na含量 ,而茎和根中全N、全P和全K含量 ,根、茎和叶中全Fe含量均随着土壤盐分浓度的增加而下降。     

Kinetics of soil microbial uptake of free amino acids

 Amino acids and proteins typically form the biggest input of organic-N into most soils and provide a readily available source of C and N for soil microorganisms. Amino acids can also be taken up directly by plant roots, providing an alternative source of available soil N. However, the degree to which plants can compete against the soil microbial population for amino acids in soil solution remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to measure the rate of microbial uptake of three contrastingly charged ¹⁴C-labelled amino acids (glutamate^1–, glycine⁰, lysine^0.9+) over a wide concentration range (0.1–5 mM) and in two contrastingly managed soils varying in their degree of erosion, organic-C content and microbial biomass. Amino acid uptake was concentration dependent and conformed to a single Michaelis-Menten equation. The mean maximum amino acid uptake rate (V _max) for the non-eroded (control) soil (high organic-C, high biomass) was 0.13±0.02 mmol kg^–1 h^–1, while half maximal uptake occurred at a concentration (K _m) of 2.63±0.07 mM. Typically, V _max was fourfold lower and K _m twofold lower in the eroded soil (low available organic-C, low biomass) compared to the non-eroded (control) soil. Amino acid substrate concentration had little effect on the proportion of amino acid utilized in catabolic versus anabolic metabolism and was similar for both. While the results obtained here represent the summation of kinetics for a mixed soil population, they indicate that amino acid uptake is saturated at concentrations within the millimolar range. Because the affinity constants also were similar to those described for plant roots, we hypothesized that competition for amino acids between plants and microbes will be strong in soil but highly dependent upon the spatial distribution of roots and microbes in soil. Received: 2 March 2000     

Level and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Early and Semi-early Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) Grown with Irrigation on Light Soils in Norway

Trials were performed with early and semi-early potatoes to test the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer level (0-160 kg N ha^-1) and timing (all at planting versus half then and half either soon after emergence or 3 weeks later). All seven trials with earlies were irrigated as required, whilst different irrigation regimes (moderate versus intensive) were compared in two trials with semi-earlies. No benefit was derived from splitting the N application. Haulm growth and N uptake increased in all cases almost linearly up to the highest N level, but tuber yield did not respond in the same way. The optimum N level was 80 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 15 Mg ha^-1, rising to 120 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 40 Mg ha^-1. Tuber quality was lowered by the use of excess N fertilizer, particularly in the case of earlies. The quantity of mineralised N present in the soil after harvest rose sharply with above optimum fertilizer use, and the amount of N present in crop residues also increased. The likely leaching after early potatoes was estimated to be up to 80 kg N ha^-1. The proportion of fertilizer N which was not accounted for in either tuber yield, crop residues or mineral N in soil was 26% in earlies and 38% in semi-earlies.     

烟草叶碟吸收春雷霉素机理初探

能被植物主动吸收转运的农药具有优良的应用特性,氨基糖苷类抗生素能被细菌主动吸收转运,为初步探明此类抗生素在植物体的吸收转运机理,本文研究了烟草叶碟对春雷霉素的吸收机理。结果显示,烟草叶碟能逆浓度梯度吸收春雷霉素,且吸收速度可被能量抑制剂——氰化羰基间氯苯腙(CCCP)抑制,表明春雷霉素能被烟草叶碟主动吸收,其酶促吸收的动力学参数为:Km=1.53 mmol/L;Vmax=1.62 nmol/(h.mg)。     

Characteristics of phosphorus uptake kinetics of poinsettia and marigold

In a previous experiment it has been found that maximum uptake rate (I_max), Michaelis constant (K_m), and minimum nutrient concentration (C_min) as plant physiological characteristics may be important for phosphorus (P) uptake in peat-substrate. Thus, variation of P uptake parameters was evaluated with a series of depletion studies for poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) and marigold (Tagetes patula) under fluctuating climatic conditions and different developmental stages.     

水分和氮肥运筹对小麦氮素吸收分配的影响

试验结果表明，两种灌溉方法下各处理之间的产量不存在显著差异，与两水处理相比，四水处理公顷穗数提高，但拔节水导致千粒重极显著降低。四水条件下小麦的氮素吸收量高于两水条件下的相应氮肥处理，而氮素生理效率降低。灌四水使氮素在小麦营养器官中的分配比例提高，两水灌溉更有利于氮素向子粒转运。各营养器官对子粒氮的贡献率依次为叶片＞茎秆＝颖壳＞叶鞘＞根系，其中叶片的氮素转移量最高，两水灌溉制度下，常规施肥量适宜于部分基施、部分于拔节期追施，而省肥用量可以考虑全部基施。     

Pb在小麦植株内吸收、分配和累积的研究

通过大田试验，研究了Pb在小麦植株中的吸收、分配和累积的动态变化规律。结果表明，在小麦整个生长过程中，不同部位Pb含量和Pb累积量随着时间的推移而变化，但从总体上看是根〉茎〉子粒。在灌浆末期，各部位Pb含量从大到小依次为：根〉废弃物〉叶〉茎〉叶鞘〉颖片〉穗轴〉子粒，地上各部位Pb累积量从大到小依次为：废弃物〉茎〉叶鞘〉颖片〉叶〉子粒〉穗轴。从结果还可以看出，小麦植株中较易富集Pb的部位是根、废弃物、茎和叶，而子粒中Pb含量和累积量均比较低。小麦在生殖生长阶段的Pb吸收量大于营养生长阶段；拔节一抽穗期和灌浆初期一灌浆中期Pb吸收量及吸收速率显著高于其他时期。     

分室磷添加下菌根对滇池流域红壤间作玉米生长及磷素利用的影响

随着全球范围内磷矿资源短缺问题的日益严重,间作或菌根技术强化作物对土壤磷(P)的利用及增产增收的效应受到越来越多的关注。通过三室隔网盆栽模拟试验研究了分室磷处理[不添加磷(P0)、添加有机磷(OP50)、添加无机磷(IOP50)]和根室不接种(NM)、根室接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae(GM)对与大豆间作的玉米的生长及磷素利用的影响。研究结果表明:所有复合处理中,以间作?GM?IOP50组合处理下的玉米根系最短和地上部生物量最高;OP50处理下,间作玉米的菌根侵染率显著高于单作处理。间作条件下,无论分室磷添加与否,接种GM处理的玉米地上部生物量明显高于NM处理;接种GM处理的玉米根系生物量和株高均显著高于NM处理,且根系生物量以间作?GM?OP50组合处理下最高。接种GM条件下,P0、IOP50、OP50处理下的间作植株生物量较单作处理分别提高45.98%、111.33%、33.56%。单作条件下,无论分室磷添加与否,接种GM处理的玉米地上部磷含量均显著高于NM处理;无论何种种植模式及分室磷添加与否,接种GM处理的植物根系磷含量均显著高于NM处理。无论磷添加与否,间作?GM组合条件下的玉米地上部磷吸收量均显著较高,其中IOP50处理下的地上部磷吸收量显著高于OP50处理。间作?GM组合条件下,IOP50处理玉米根系的磷吸收效率均显著高于OP50处理。可见,接种GM、分室磷添加和间作各自在一定程度上促进了玉米的生长。综合菌根侵染、生物量及磷含量与吸收量、磷吸收效率等指标,所有复合处理中以间作?GM?IOP50组合对玉米地上部的促生作用最好,玉米磷素吸收最多,可望有效强化滇池流域红壤坡耕地磷素的利用。