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1.
We studied the effects of temperature and solar radiation on rice yield with the aim of understanding the temperature and solar radiation requirements for high yield rice production in the lower reaches of the Huai River, China. Field experiments were conducted with two medium-maturing japonica rice(MMJR) varieties and four late-maturing japonica rice(LMJR) varieties in 2017 and 2018. Seeds were sown on May 10(T1), May 17(T2), May 24(T3), May 31(T4), June 7(T5), June 14(T6), and June 21(T7). The whole growth duration(WGD) of rice was shortened when sowing date was delayed, especially for the duration from sowing to heading(S–H). The effective accumulated temperature(EAT), mean daily temperature(T_(mean)), cumulative solar radiation(CSR), and mean daily solar radiation(R_(mean)) over the WGD decreased when sowing date was delayed. Compared with T1, yields in T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7 decreased by 0.12–0.35, 0.45–0.89, 0.74–1.56, 1.41–2.24, 2.16–2.90, and 2.69–3.64 t ha-1, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between rice yield and EAT in different growth stages. Temperature was the main factor that affected the yield of good eating-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Huai River. We found that a relatively high yield can be obtained when the optimal T_(mean) for medium-maturing japonica rice(MMJR) and late-maturing japonica rice(LMJR) was 25.8–27.0℃ and 26.6–27.1℃ in the stages from sowing to heading(S–H), and 20.3–23.3℃ and 20.3–22.1℃ in the stages from heading to maturity(H–M), respectively. The optimal sowing dates for MMJR and LMJR in the lower reaches of the Huai River were May 15–31 and May 15–18, respectively.  相似文献   
2.
We provide estimates of glacier mass changes in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) area from April2002 to August 2016 by employing a new version of gravity solutions of the Gravity Recovery and ClimateExperiment (GRACE) twin-satellite mission. We find a total mass loss trend of the HMA glaciers at a rateof –22.17 (±1.96) Gt/a. The largest mass loss rates of –7.02 (±0.94) and –6.73 (±0.78) Gt/a are found forthe glaciers in Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas, respectively. Although most glaciers inthe HMA area show a mass loss, we find a small glacier mass gain of 1.19 (±0.55) and 0.77 (±0.37) Gt/a inKarakoram Mountains and Western Kunlun Mountains, respectively. There is also a nearly zero massbalance in Pamirs. Our estimates of glacier mass change trends confirm previous results from the analysisof altimetry data of the ICESat (ICE, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite) and ASTER (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) satellites inmost of the selected glacier areas. However, they largely differ to previous GRACE-based studies which weattribute to our different post-processing techniques of the newer GRACE data. In addition, we explicitlyshow regional mass change features for both the interannual glacier mass changes and the 14-a averagedseasonal glacier mass changes. These changes can be explained in parts by total net precipitation (netsnowfall and net rainfall) and net snowfall, but mostly by total net radiation energy when compared to datafrom the ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis. Moreover, nearly all the non-trend interannual masschanges and most seasonal mass changes can be explained by the total net radiation energy data. The massloss trends could be partly related to a heat effect due to increased net rainfall in Tianshan Mountains, QilianMountains, Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas. Our new results for the glacier mass changein this study could help improve the understanding of glacier variation in the HMA area and contribute tothe study of global change. They could also serve the utilization of water resources there and in neighboringareas.  相似文献   
3.
不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性与产量形成的关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
【目的】研究不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性与产量形成的关系,以期为早熟、高产、适应机械粒收的玉米新品种的筛选提供理论依据。【方法】2017年以早熟玉米品种登海518(DH518)、衡早8号(HZ8)和中晚熟玉米品种登海605(DH605)、郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,2018年以早熟玉米品种登海518(DH518)、京农科728(JNK728)和中晚熟玉米品种登海605(DH605)、郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,种植密度为75 000株/hm2,研究玉米生长发育过程中的叶片建成规律、穗部发育特性以及各生育阶段对光温需求的差异。【结果】不同熟期夏玉米品种各生育阶段的光温需求大小表现为吐丝期(R1)—生理成熟期(R6)>出苗期(VE)—吐丝期(R1)>播种期(sowing)—出苗期(VE)。不同品种花后对积温的需求高于花前,中晚熟和早熟夏玉米品种对积温需求的差异主要在拔节期—吐丝期,具体表现为第9—16片叶建成期;花后对积温的需求品种间差异不显著。相关性分析表明,不同熟期夏玉米品种的产量与穗位高、穗高系数呈极显著正相关关系。不同熟期夏玉米品种的雄穗发育特性不同,晚熟品种的雄穗长度显著低于早熟品种,但晚熟品种的雄穗分枝数、雄穗总小花数、小花败育率、有效小花数显著高于早熟品种;而雌穗分化到籽粒形成受品种基因型影响较大。【结论】不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性具有较大差异,在75 000株/hm2条件下,中晚熟品种的产量显著高于早熟品种;植株总叶片数较少,拔节期—吐丝期所需时间短,后期脱水速率快是早熟宜机收玉米品种的典型特征。  相似文献   
4.
刘亮  王丹  王诚  陈红  胡国宇  黎青 《核农学报》2021,35(5):1009-1019
为研究60Co-γ射线对栀子插条的辐射诱变作用及3种保护剂的保护效应,采用不同辐射剂量(5、10、20、40 Gy)辐射栀子插条,运用氯化钠(NaCl)、半胱氨酸(Cys)及维生素C(Vc)3种保护剂,分别设置4种不同浓度浸泡辐射后插条,分析不同辐射剂量及保护剂处理栀子插条的生根率、存活率、根长、根数、成株率、节间长度、分枝数、叶片数、叶长、叶宽等指标。结果表明,随着辐射剂量的增加,栀子插条的损伤逐渐增大。栀子插条60Co-γ射线半生根剂量为21.22 Gy,半致死剂量为81.65 Gy,半成株剂量为20.30 Gy。3种保护剂在较高剂量辐射下具有显著的保护效应。在20 Gy辐射剂量下,3.00 g·L-1 NaCl处理对栀子插条生根、生长保护效果较好。40 Gy辐射剂量下,0.12 g·L-1 Cys和0.08 g·L-1 Vc处理对栀子插条生根、生长保护效果较好。综上所述,3种保护剂均对较高剂量60Co-γ射线损伤具有较好的保护作用,且保护效果与辐射剂量、保护剂浓度相关。本研究为栀子的辐射诱变育种及保护剂应用提供了技术参考。  相似文献   
5.
将辐射制冷材料粘贴或涂刷于浅圆仓仓顶和外壁,试验表明:试验仓比对照仓仓顶外表面平均温度低4.3℃,最高值低26.1℃;平均仓温低2.8℃,最高值低5.6℃;平均粮面温度低2.4℃,最高值低4.7℃。试验表明,辐射制冷材料应用于浅圆仓具有显著的降温效果,新型辐射制冷技术产业化的突破为粮食仓储行业实现更高质量的仓储环境提供了新材料,为实现浅圆仓的准低温储粮提供了新的参考方法。  相似文献   
6.
为了研究太阳辐射对浮顶油罐温度场的影响,有必要掌握受太阳辐射影响原油在浮顶油罐中的温度变化规律。通过分析浮顶油罐与环境换热过程,建立2×10^4 m^3浮顶油罐的三维模型,对一天内浮顶油罐油品及罐壁的温度变化进行数值模拟。结果表明:在以太阳辐射为主的环境变化影响下,浮顶油罐的近壁面和浮盘处会产生温度梯度较大的高温油层,深层油品温度受到的影响较小。结合模拟结果,提出了考虑太阳辐射时,在不同条件下使用不同罐壁温度计算公式的建议,从而降低浮顶油罐容积的修正误差。  相似文献   
7.
粮仓围护结构保温隔热性能对储粮安全和粮仓能耗有重要影响。粮仓屋顶面积大,是粮仓围护结构接受太阳辐射最强的部位,外界热量主要通过屋顶传入粮仓,因此屋顶是粮仓围护结构保温隔热设计的最重要部位。双层通风屋顶、高反射率的屋面隔热涂料和保温隔热材料等节能技术近年来在粮仓屋顶设计中得到迅速发展和应用。考虑屋顶不同外表面太阳辐射反射率和自然通风对双层通风屋顶传热的影响,该文给出并试验验证了多层屋顶非稳态传热模型和双层通风屋顶传热模型,利用经过验证的屋顶传热模型进行屋顶能耗计算,采用经济性模型和全生命周期理论对长沙地区低温粮仓普通屋顶和双层通风屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度进行分析,并对采用最佳保温隔热层厚度时的生命周期总投资、净收益及回收周期进行计算和比较分析。研究结果表明:屋顶外表面太阳辐射反射率对长沙地区低温粮仓屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度和经济性有较大影响,双层通风屋顶可以减小屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度,长沙地区低温粮仓可采用双层通风屋顶和高反射率的屋面隔热涂料降低粮仓能耗,减少因能源消耗而引起的环境污染问题。长沙地区低温粮仓普通屋顶挤塑聚苯乙烯和膨胀聚苯乙烯最佳保温隔热层厚度为0.106~0.183 m,生命周期内最大净现值为417~633.38元/m2,投资回收年限为2.39~2.96 a。低温粮仓屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度随屋顶外表面太阳辐射反射率的增大而减小,双层通风屋顶可以减少屋顶保温隔热层投资回收年限。该屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度确定方法对于指导低温粮仓屋顶保温隔热设计具有一定指导意义。  相似文献   
8.
Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important wheat disease worldwide that is greatly influenced by environmental conditions. Ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation is one important environmental factor affecting the occurrence and epidemiology of wheat stripe rust. Investigating UV-B radiation effects on the epidemiology of stripe rust may be conducive to monitoring and predicting this disease. In this study, wheat seedlings were exposed to UV-B radiation during different periods under laboratory conditions and radiation effects on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust were investigated. Results showed that incubation period was shortened, and the infection efficiency, sporulation quantity and disease index increased when UV-B radiation was performed only pre-inoculation. When the UV-B radiation was performed only post-inoculation or both pre- and post-inoculation, the incubation period was prolonged, and the infection efficiency, sporulation quantity and disease index were reduced. When healthy wheat seedlings were inoculated using urediospores collected from wheat leaves irradiated by UV-B only post-inoculation or both pre- and post-inoculation, infection efficiency, sporulation quantity and disease index were also reduced. However, in the latter, the disease incubation period did not differ under varying UV-B radiation intensities compared to that when wheat leaves were not treated with UV-B radiation. Overall, the effects of direct exposure of wheat plants to UV-B radiation with different intensities in different periods on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust were systematically explored, and the results suggest that the effects of UV-B radiation increased gradually with the increase of UV-B radiation intensity. This information provides a basis for monitoring and predicting this disease as well as for conducting further studies on pathogen virulence variation.  相似文献   
9.
长江中游地区水旱复种轮作模式资源利用率比较研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了实现农田资源高效利用,维护农业生态良性循环,优化长江中游地区传统种植模式,本研究于2013年10月—2015年11月,以冬闲连作为对照,分析比较了不同水旱复种轮作模式(冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻、马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻、蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻、绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻、油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻)的光、温、水、土资源利用效率。结果表明:水旱复种轮作模式的冬季、晚季和周年的光能利用率均比冬闲连作处理高,周年光能利用率两年间分别高8.26%~82.50%和2.63%~121.42%,其中均以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式最高。水旱复种轮作模式的年有效积温利用率均高于冬闲连作模式,两年间分别高12.87%~21.26%和11.17%~25.88%,以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式最佳。两年间水旱复种轮作模式的冬季、晚季和周年的水分利用率均比冬闲连作处理高,其中周年水分利用率分别高45.36%~83.50%和40.00%~118.75%,以"马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻"轮作模式的晚季和周年水分利用率最高,"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"模式的冬季水分利用率最高。两年间土地利用率均以"绿肥-早稻-晚稻"复种模式最高,平均利用率达96.11%,"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式的土地利用率表现最好。因此,各水旱复种轮作模式的周年光能利用率、年有效积温利用率、水分利用率和土地利用率均高于冬闲对照,其中以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"和"绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻"轮作模式表现较好,适宜在长江中游地区推广应用。  相似文献   
10.
The transformation of natural landscapes into impervious built-up surfaces through urbanization is known to significantly interfere with the ecological integrity of urban landscapes and accelerate climate change and associated impacts. Although urban reforestation is widely recognised as an ideal mitigation practice against these impacts, it often has to compete with other lucrative land uses within an urban area. The often limited urban space provided for reforestation therefore necessitates the optimization of the ecological benefits, which demands spatially explicit information. The recent proliferation of tree stands structural complexity (SSC) and topographic data offer great potential for determining the ecological performance of reforested areas across an urban landscape. This study explores the potential of using topographic datasets to predict SSC in a reforested urban landscape and ranks the value of these topographic variables in determining SSC. Tree structural data from a reforested urban area was collected and fed into a tree stand structural complexity index, which was used to indicate ecological performance. Topographic variables (Topographic Wetness Index, slope, Area Solar Radiation and elevation)- were derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and used to predict SSC using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression technique. Results show that SSC varied significantly between the topographic variables. Results also show that the topographic variables could be used to reliably predict SSC. As expected, the Topographic Wetness Index and slope were the most important topographic determinants of SSC while elevation was the least valuable. These results provide valuable spatially explicit information about the ecological performance of the reforested areas within an urban landscape. Specifically, the study demonstrates the value of topographic data as aids to urban reforestation planning.  相似文献   
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