Long-term consequences of topsoil mining on select biological and physical characteristics of two New Zealand loessial soils under grazed pasture

Soil chemical, biochemical, biological and structural properties were measured in two New Zealand loessial soils that were topsoil-mined 10 and 25 years ago respectively. Measurements at the 10-year site were compared to some earlier measurements made at this site and the data combined in a chronological sequence for analysis. Topsoil mining had a large, detrimental impact on the soil microbial biomass, the earthworm populations, easily mineralizable N and soil enzyme activities. However, most of these properties substantially recovered, to 80-90 per cent of the levels in unmined soils, within 10-25 years of restoration under pasture. In contrast, while total soil C and N were less affected by topsoil mining, their recovery was much slower. Stabilities of macro-aggregates of soil had fully recovered within 10-25 years after topsoil mining. The apparent changes in all the measured properties between 10 and 25 years of restoration were small in comparison with changes between 0-10 years of restoration after topsoil mining. The total C content of both soils under pasture appeared unlikely to attain the levels present in unmined soils. In soils undergoing restoration, the ratio of microbial C/total soil C may be a useful index of soil ‘biological stability’. Sulphatase activity may reflect the recovery of pasture production.     

新疆喀纳斯景区表层土壤磁学特征及环境意义

为探究环境磁学方法在景区土壤污染监测中的可行性,以新疆5A级景区喀纳斯为研究区域,采集表层土壤样品72个,并对其进行系统的环境磁学分析。结果表明:喀纳斯景区土壤磁性矿物平均含量较高,磁学矿物主要由亚铁磁性矿物构成,并含有少量的不完全反铁磁性矿物。磁晶颗粒主要为粗颗粒多畴,同时存在较少的超顺磁颗粒。磁参数空间分布表明,磁性矿物含量参数(χLF、SIRM、SOFT、HIRM)在湖口旅游区表现出高值,新村、老村和旅游接待地呈现相对低值;其他参数(χFD%、S-ratio、SIRM/χLF)空间分布规律与含量磁性参数基本呈相反趋势;研究区的磁性高值点分布与景区人类活动密集区、建筑物及道路的分布具有一致性;湖口旅游区较高的磁性值主要与较强的自然成土作用有关,其他区域的磁性高值点主要受旅游活动的影响。因此,借助土壤磁学方法能够有效区分和圈定景区土壤人为污染范围,为景区土壤污染防治和旅游规划提供参考依据。     

海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐影响因素通径分析

采用通径分析方法研究海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐因素的主次关系结果表明 ,地下水埋深2～ 3m、表层土壤全盐量≤ 5 0g/kg、地表高差≤ 6 6cm地段 ,表层土壤盐渍度主要受心土层盐分状况和微地形因素支配 ,而 6个间接作用中亚表土层全盐量通过心土层全盐量对表层土壤盐分累积的作用最大。     

保护性耕作条件下浅松作业的试验

浅松作业是保护性耕作中推广使用的一种表土作业方式，适用于旱作保护性耕作的播前作业，能够达到松土、除草、整地等目的，也可以用于中耕除草作业。试验结果表明，该作业有良好的除草作用。能显著地提高地表平整度，降低表土容积密度，对根荏榭盖和土壤水分影响不显著，基本上满足了保护性耕作对土壤的要求。     

黄河下游三角洲盐渍区表层土壤积盐影响因子及其强度分析

采用通径分析方法研究了黄河下游三角洲盐渍区表层土壤(0～10cm)积盐的影响因子及其强度的主次关系,结果表明:表土积盐过程受到盐源分布、盐分离子化学特征、土壤理化性质、地下水状况以及区域性气候条件的综合影响;旱季条件下研究区土壤盐渍化程度较高且盐分表聚性明显;土壤盐源分布对表土层积盐的影响强度最大,其次是盐分离子组成化学特征,表土层理化属性和地下水状况主要通过其它因素对表土层积盐产生间接影响;反映盐源分布的亚表土层(10～20cm)盐分和反映土壤盐分离子化学组成特征的钠吸附比SAR、氯硫比Cl-/SO42-是表土层积盐的主要控制因素。该研究结果为黄河三角洲地区盐渍土地的科学管理与改良利用提供参考依据。     

西安城市居民区土壤重金属健康风险评价

城市化过程中各种人类活动的废弃物进入土壤生态系统后经由多种方式对城市居民健康产生威胁,城市居民区作为人类密集活动的场所,土壤重金属污染的健康风险更为值得关注。通过实验数据的分析可知西安市居民区土壤中Pb、Cu、As的污染相对较重而Ba、Co、Cr、Ni、Zn的污染相对较轻,这八种元素产生的健康风险均在可接受范围之内,但对成人与儿童的风险大小具有一定差异。多元统计分析与基于ARCGIS的地统计分析的结果表明Ba-Co-Zn的累积主要与交通、工业、居民区内部活动有关,其空间分布表现为西部高东部低的特征;Cu-Pb的累积主要受交通活动和垃圾堆放等活动影响,空间分布上在城市中心偏北存在两个极值中心;As-Ni累积主要受成土母质影响,叠加有轻微的化石燃料燃烧等人类活动,城市中心为其高值区;Cr的累积主要与交通活动相关,空间分布特征表现为西部低而东部、北部高。     

Impacts of urbanization on topsoil nutrient balances—a case study at a provincial scale from Fujian,China

With increasing urbanization, the demands for high quality agricultural products induced changes in local cropping patterns. Although grain production still occupied a large portion in sown and planted areas, the share of sown areas declined from 67% to 44% for total grain crops, and 54% to 35% for rice between 1989 and 2002 in Fujian province. The change in crop spectrum and land use by urbanization has resulted in two extreme trends in topsoil — nutrient depletion in grain-dominated regions and nutrient overload in city suburbs. The positive correlation between nitrogen balance and local urban population in some years showed that urbanization affected nutrient balance in topsoil. The rapid changes in land use and crop spectrum caused by urbanization therefore created a challenge to the traditional soil nutrient management derived mainly from paddy fields and an urgent need for new management schemes in the province. The study provides valuable insights into nutrient management and soil sustainability in the context of rapid urbanization and population growth in Fujian.     

耕作层土壤剥离再利用模式研究——以安徽省为例

耕作层土壤剥离再利用是切实保护资源、保护耕地的系统性工程,在各地已有实践。该研究在对已有土壤剥离再利用模式进行综述和分类的基础上,归纳了各模式的运行方法、优缺点和适用条件。并以安徽省为例,构建了判定规则,对全省16地市的耕作层土壤剥离利用模式选择提出了相关建议,旨在为全省建立土壤剥离利用制度找出方法及突破口。     

土壤耕层深度和施肥深度对桔梗根部主要农艺性状的影响

[目的]探索优质高产的桔梗栽培方法。[方法]在15、20、30、40cm的耕深和不施肥、全层施肥、深层施肥（30～40cm）的3个施肥深度条件下,调查桔梗根的主要农艺性状。[结果]在耕深试验中,30cm耕深条件下的主根长最长、根粗最粗、单根鲜重最重,但侧根数也最多;施肥效果为深层施肥的效果好于全层施肥和不施肥。[结论]试验结果对山区、半山区桔梗栽培体系的建立有一定的参考价值。     

不同配置方式林草地对土壤表层含水量的影响

以地处阴山北麓丘陵区化德县七号镇为研究区,选择相互毗邻的、配置方式不同的林草地,在距地表30 cm深处采集土样,并测其含水量.结果表明:(1)草地土壤表层含水量总体高于灌木林地和乔木林地,自然草地高于人工草地和耕地.(2)平地柠条林地土壤表层含水量高于坡梁地,坡梁地上坡位土壤表层含水量不及中、下坡位.(3)柠条灌木林地耐旱性能较好,灌草带状相间是主要配置方式,造林密度以灌木带宽1 m,带间距6～8m宽为宜.(4)不同植被类型生态耗水量不同,耗水量大的植被会吸收利用毗邻耗水量小的植被地块的土壤水分.因此,半干旱区要因地制宜选择适宜的植被类型、科学的配置方式以及合理的管理措施,以减少土壤水分过度消耗,为即将开启的新一轮退耕还林草工程提供科学依据.