Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

Impacts of urbanization on topsoil nutrient balances—a case study at a provincial scale from Fujian,China

With increasing urbanization, the demands for high quality agricultural products induced changes in local cropping patterns. Although grain production still occupied a large portion in sown and planted areas, the share of sown areas declined from 67% to 44% for total grain crops, and 54% to 35% for rice between 1989 and 2002 in Fujian province. The change in crop spectrum and land use by urbanization has resulted in two extreme trends in topsoil — nutrient depletion in grain-dominated regions and nutrient overload in city suburbs. The positive correlation between nitrogen balance and local urban population in some years showed that urbanization affected nutrient balance in topsoil. The rapid changes in land use and crop spectrum caused by urbanization therefore created a challenge to the traditional soil nutrient management derived mainly from paddy fields and an urgent need for new management schemes in the province. The study provides valuable insights into nutrient management and soil sustainability in the context of rapid urbanization and population growth in Fujian.     

耕作层土壤剥离再利用模式研究——以安徽省为例

耕作层土壤剥离再利用是切实保护资源、保护耕地的系统性工程,在各地已有实践。该研究在对已有土壤剥离再利用模式进行综述和分类的基础上,归纳了各模式的运行方法、优缺点和适用条件。并以安徽省为例,构建了判定规则,对全省16地市的耕作层土壤剥离利用模式选择提出了相关建议,旨在为全省建立土壤剥离利用制度找出方法及突破口。     

土壤耕层深度和施肥深度对桔梗根部主要农艺性状的影响

[目的]探索优质高产的桔梗栽培方法。[方法]在15、20、30、40cm的耕深和不施肥、全层施肥、深层施肥（30～40cm）的3个施肥深度条件下,调查桔梗根的主要农艺性状。[结果]在耕深试验中,30cm耕深条件下的主根长最长、根粗最粗、单根鲜重最重,但侧根数也最多;施肥效果为深层施肥的效果好于全层施肥和不施肥。[结论]试验结果对山区、半山区桔梗栽培体系的建立有一定的参考价值。     

海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐影响因素通径分析

采用通径分析方法研究海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐因素的主次关系结果表明 ,地下水埋深2～ 3m、表层土壤全盐量≤ 5 0g/kg、地表高差≤ 6 6cm地段 ,表层土壤盐渍度主要受心土层盐分状况和微地形因素支配 ,而 6个间接作用中亚表土层全盐量通过心土层全盐量对表层土壤盐分累积的作用最大。     

不同配置方式林草地对土壤表层含水量的影响

以地处阴山北麓丘陵区化德县七号镇为研究区,选择相互毗邻的、配置方式不同的林草地,在距地表30 cm深处采集土样,并测其含水量.结果表明:(1)草地土壤表层含水量总体高于灌木林地和乔木林地,自然草地高于人工草地和耕地.(2)平地柠条林地土壤表层含水量高于坡梁地,坡梁地上坡位土壤表层含水量不及中、下坡位.(3)柠条灌木林地耐旱性能较好,灌草带状相间是主要配置方式,造林密度以灌木带宽1 m,带间距6～8m宽为宜.(4)不同植被类型生态耗水量不同,耗水量大的植被会吸收利用毗邻耗水量小的植被地块的土壤水分.因此,半干旱区要因地制宜选择适宜的植被类型、科学的配置方式以及合理的管理措施,以减少土壤水分过度消耗,为即将开启的新一轮退耕还林草工程提供科学依据.     

保护性耕作条件下浅松作业的试验

浅松作业是保护性耕作中推广使用的一种表土作业方式，适用于旱作保护性耕作的播前作业，能够达到松土、除草、整地等目的，也可以用于中耕除草作业。试验结果表明，该作业有良好的除草作用。能显著地提高地表平整度，降低表土容积密度，对根荏榭盖和土壤水分影响不显著，基本上满足了保护性耕作对土壤的要求。     

新疆喀纳斯景区表层土壤磁学特征及环境意义

为探究环境磁学方法在景区土壤污染监测中的可行性,以新疆5A级景区喀纳斯为研究区域,采集表层土壤样品72个,并对其进行系统的环境磁学分析。结果表明:喀纳斯景区土壤磁性矿物平均含量较高,磁学矿物主要由亚铁磁性矿物构成,并含有少量的不完全反铁磁性矿物。磁晶颗粒主要为粗颗粒多畴,同时存在较少的超顺磁颗粒。磁参数空间分布表明,磁性矿物含量参数(χLF、SIRM、SOFT、HIRM)在湖口旅游区表现出高值,新村、老村和旅游接待地呈现相对低值;其他参数(χFD%、S-ratio、SIRM/χLF)空间分布规律与含量磁性参数基本呈相反趋势;研究区的磁性高值点分布与景区人类活动密集区、建筑物及道路的分布具有一致性;湖口旅游区较高的磁性值主要与较强的自然成土作用有关,其他区域的磁性高值点主要受旅游活动的影响。因此,借助土壤磁学方法能够有效区分和圈定景区土壤人为污染范围,为景区土壤污染防治和旅游规划提供参考依据。     

黄河下游三角洲盐渍区表层土壤积盐影响因子及其强度分析

采用通径分析方法研究了黄河下游三角洲盐渍区表层土壤(0～10cm)积盐的影响因子及其强度的主次关系,结果表明:表土积盐过程受到盐源分布、盐分离子化学特征、土壤理化性质、地下水状况以及区域性气候条件的综合影响;旱季条件下研究区土壤盐渍化程度较高且盐分表聚性明显;土壤盐源分布对表土层积盐的影响强度最大,其次是盐分离子组成化学特征,表土层理化属性和地下水状况主要通过其它因素对表土层积盐产生间接影响;反映盐源分布的亚表土层(10～20cm)盐分和反映土壤盐分离子化学组成特征的钠吸附比SAR、氯硫比Cl-/SO42-是表土层积盐的主要控制因素。该研究结果为黄河三角洲地区盐渍土地的科学管理与改良利用提供参考依据。     

临沂烟田耕层土壤综合保育类型研究

为更好地指导临沂烟区土壤综合保育,为其他烟区提供参考与依据,在定量分析评价临沂烟区2 249份土壤样品的pH和有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾含量、面积及分布情况的基础上,借助地统计学方法和ArcGIS平台,划分出10类保育类型:提有机质–改碱、增氮–改碱、增氮–提有机质、增氮–提有机质–改酸、增氮–提有机质–改碱、增氮磷–提有机质–改碱、增钾–提有机质–改酸、增氮钾–提有机质–改酸、增氮钾–提有机质–改碱、增氮磷钾–提有机质–改碱,并根据不同类型提出了初步的相应保育措施。