Soil Nutrients Status after Fifty Years of Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization

Long-term studies are valuable in assessing the impact of crop management practices on soil sustainability and function. This study used two calculation scenarios, fixed depth and Equivalent Soil Mass (ESM) to assess (i) soil nutrient status and (ii) soil organic carbon (SOC) after 50 years of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates (0, 22, 45, and 67 kg N ha^?1) and tillage [clean tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT)] in a dryland winter wheat-sorghum-fallow cropping system. The soil organic matter (SOM) content increased by 33% with NT and RT compared with CT. The SOC at 0–30 cm was 39% greater than 30–60 cm depth with both fixed depth and ESM calculations. Soil nutrient specifically soil calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) associated with N rates were no different than the control. Crop nutrient removal may eventually reduce soil nutrient contents with only N application. Nutrient addition specifically P should be considered in the future.     

不同耕作方式对辽西褐土物理性状及玉米根系分布的影响

通过连续3年大田试验，对旋耕、翻耕、深松3种耕作方式下的土壤物理性质、玉米根系分布和产量进行测定。结果表明，与翻耕和旋耕相比，深松显著增加了玉米田土壤耕层厚度和降低了犁底层厚度。在中下层土壤，深松还降低了土壤紧实度和容重，改善了土壤的孔隙状况，有利于玉米根系向下生长，使得中下层土壤的玉米根系不仅更丰富，而且占总根系量的比例也更高，最终提高了玉米产量。本研究表明，深松耕作有利于改善辽西褐土区土壤结构和促进玉米生长。     

耕作方式对主要粮食作物影响的研究综述

笔者通过对相关资料的整理与分析,阐述了常见不同耕作方式对主要粮食作物根系特性、光合效应、品质指标及产量的影响,分析了未来农业生产中进一步加强对耕作方式研究的必要性和重要性,并指出今后农业生产中应在结合中国国情的基础上注重根据区域生态环境、土壤属性、作物种类及茬口类型选择适宜的耕作方式,试图为中国农业生产中耕作方式更加合理的选择与运用及作物产量的提高和耕地的可持续利用提供科学依据和理论帮助。     

有机培肥与耕作方式对稻麦轮作土壤团聚体和有机碳组分的影响

为了明确不同外源有机物和耕作方式对土壤地力培育的影响,以水稻-小麦轮作系统为对象,通过2个年度(2016—2018年)大田试验研究了外源有机物(秸秆和有机肥)和耕作方式及其交互作用[稻麦秸秆还田配合旋耕(SR),稻麦秸秆还田配合翻耕(SP),秸秆不还田、增施有机肥配合旋耕(MR),秸秆不还田、增施有机肥配合翻耕(MP),秸秆不还田、不施用有机肥、旋耕深度15 cm(CKR)]对土壤团聚体和有机碳组成的短期影响。结果表明:SR处理能够降低水稻季土壤容重并增加总孔隙度。相比CKR,小麦季SR处理显著增加0.05mm水稳性团聚体含量,增加量为7.2%。此外,外源有机物和耕作对土壤有机碳活性组分具有显著影响。其中,易氧化有机碳(EOC)主要受耕作与有机物交互作用影响,酸水解有机碳(LPIc和LPII_c)主要受耕作措施的影响, SR处理的土壤EOC和LPI_c含量比CKR提高0.3～2.6 g·kg~(-1)。颗粒有机碳(POC)主要受外源有机物的影响,并且秸秆还田处理POC平均含量高于增施有机肥处理,增加量为0.75g·kg~(-1)。短期内,外源有机物和耕作及其交互作用对稳定性有机碳(黑碳和矿物结合态有机碳)的影响较小。综上,秸秆还田配合旋耕有助于提高土壤水稳性团聚体和活性有机碳的含量(EOC、LPI_c和POC)。     

林地转变为耕地对紫色土N2O排放的影响

土地利用方式变化是造成大气中温室气体浓度变化的主要原因之一,但土地利用方式转变,如林地转变为耕地过程对土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响还缺乏系统研究。本研究于2016年7月中旬在四川盆地丘陵区将林地转变为耕地,并按照耕地冬小麦-夏玉米轮作方式,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,对比分析了耕地翻耕不施肥(CL-T)、翻耕施肥(CL-TF)和邻近林地(CK)的土壤N_2O排放过程特征。结果表明,试验期间CL-T、CL-TF土壤N_2O排放通量较CK均显著增加(P0.01),且二者的N_2O排放通量在林地转变为耕地初期均有明显的排放峰。小麦季和玉米季土壤N_2O排放通量[μg(N)·m-2·h-1]均值CK分别为2.52和4.60,CL-T分别为3.55和11.63,CL-TF分别为6.26和22.16,N_2O排放通量玉米季显著高于小麦季。CK、CL-T和CL-TF的土壤N_2O全年累积排放量[mg(N)·hm-2]分别为0.271、0.515和0.957,CL-T、CL-TF较CK分别显著增长89.8%、253.0%,说明林地转变为耕地,紫色土N_2O排放迅速增加。首先翻耕改变土壤结构并显著增加土壤无机氮含量(P0.05),其次施肥大幅增加土壤无机氮含量导致土壤N_2O的激发排放。而土壤温度和水分未发生显著改变(P0.05),种植作物短时间内也未显著改变土壤的N_2O排放。结果表明,林地转变为耕地激发土壤N_2O排放的根本机制可能是提高了土壤有机氮矿化速率。但土地利用转变对土壤氮转化过程的影响以及进而改变土壤N_2O的排放特征的机理有待进一步研究。     

耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响

研究耕作方式对土壤理化性状、夏玉米生长发育及籽粒产量的影响，为黄淮海北部地区土壤结构改善和籽粒产量提高提出有利的科学依据。试验设夏玉米前茬深松、翻耕、隔年深松和传统耕作旋耕4个处理。研究结果表明，深松、隔年深松、翻耕能够显著降低10 cm以下土层的土壤紧实度；提高各生育时期土壤含水量，尤其以20～40 cm土层表现最为明显；增加20～60 cm土层速效钾含量；有利于维持夏玉米灌浆中后期叶面积指数，干物质的积累量增加7．79％～18．09％；提高籽粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率，每公顷产量提高4．1％～9．3％。各处理间以深松和隔年深松处理表现最好，且两处理无显著差异。本试验条件下，隔年深松是兼顾高产节能高效的耕作方式。     

Relative abundance and damage of some insect pests of wheat under different tillage practices in rice–wheat cropping in India

Tillage changes the physical and chemical properties of soil and can also inhibit or enhance useful and harmful fauna. In agriculture, different tillage technologies are being tried to enhance crop productivity, but little concrete information seems to exist on their effects on pest abundance and damage. To address this lack of information, sowing of wheat was investigated under different tillage systems. In order to monitor pest abundance and damage in altered tillage systems, the present studies on the relative abundance and damage due to insect pests viz. pink stem borer (PSB, Sesamia inferens Walker), termites (Microtermes obesi Holmgren and Odontotermes obesus Rambur) and root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis Sasaki) were undertaken in a rice–wheat cropping system during 2010–11 and 2011–12. Pest abundance and damage was monitored in four tillage systems i.e. conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT), ZT + mulch and rotary tillage (RT) under insecticide protected and unprotected conditions. The application of insecticide did not affect root aphid incidence or termite damage. However, significant differences in PSB damage in insecticide protected (0.9%) and unprotected (1.2%) conditions were observed. The investigations demonstrated that in CT, damage by PSB (0.6%) was minimum; however termite damage (2.2%) was maximum as compared to all other tillage conditions. In ZT, PSB damage (1.4%) was maximum and root aphid incidence (3.1 aphids/tiller) was minimum in comparison to other tillage conditions. ZT + mulch resulted in inter-mediate insect pest incidence/damage; however, RT was the least effective practice which showed relatively high incidence/damage of these three insects (1.2% PSB damage, 1.9% termite damage and 5.1 aphids/tiller). The insecticide × tillage interaction indicated that insecticide application is needed only in ZT and RT for PSB management.     

The use of remote sensing to detect the consequences of erosion in gypsiferous soils

Tillage practices on sloping ground often result in unsustainable soil losses impairing soil functions such as crop productivity, water and nutrients storage, and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. A sloping olive grove (10%) was planted in shallow gypsiferous soils in 2004. It was managed by minimum tillage; the most frequent management practice in central Spain. The consequences of erosion were studied in soil samples (at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths) by analyzing SOC, available water and gypsum content, and by detecting spectral signatures using an ASD FieldSpecPro® VIS/NIR-spectroradiometer. The Brightness index (BI), Shape index (FI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were derived from the ASD spectral signatures and from remote sensing (Sentinel-2 image) data. The development of these young olive trees was estimated from the measured diameter of the trunks (17 ± 18 cm diameter). In 20–30 cm of the soil, the carbon stock (38 ± 18 Mg ha⁻¹) as well as the available water content (12 ± 6%) was scarce, affecting the productivity of the olive grove. The above-mentioned indices obtained from the laboratory samples and the pixels of the Sentinel-2 image were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated, with a correlation coefficient of around 0.4. The BI was related to the gypsum content and the slope of the plot. The FI was related to the carbon and water contents. The NDVI derived from the satellite image identified the influence of soil degradation on the trees and the carbon content. The spatial-temporal changes of the indices might help in tracking soil changes over time.     

不同还田方式对玉米秸秆腐解及土壤养分含量的影响

通过土壤耕作和秸秆还田试验，以玉米秸秆为研究对象，探讨东北棕壤土区适宜的秸秆还田方式，为秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论依据。在辽宁沈阳设置连续两年（2014-2015年）的田间定位试验，采用尼龙网袋法研究免耕覆盖（NTS）、旋耕还田（RTS）和翻耕还田（PTS）3种秸秆还田方式下秸秆腐解率和碳氮磷钾养分释放率，分析秸秆还田方式对耕层土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明，RTS和PTS秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期快、后期慢，秸秆养分释放率均表现为钾 > 磷 > 碳 > 氮。NTS、RTS和PTS处理秸秆两年平均腐解率分别为38.8%、78.0%、65.9%，两年平均碳释放率分别为56.5%、78.8%、69.4%，氮释放率为16.7%、53.5%、38.8%，磷释放率为81.3%、92.5%、89.8%，钾释放率为92.0%、99.4%、98.9%。NTS处理秸秆腐解率及碳氮释放率与还田时间符合逻辑斯蒂曲线方程，RTS和PTS处理秸秆腐解率、碳氮释放率及3种还田方式秸秆磷钾释放率随还田时间变化符合米氏方程。秸秆还田有助于提高耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量，RTS处理土壤全磷含量显著高于PTS处理（P<0.05），与NTS处理全磷含量差异不显著，3种还田方式土壤全钾含量差异不显著。综合分析秸秆腐解和耕层土壤培肥效果，东北棕壤土区建议玉米秸秆还田方式为旋耕秸秆还田。     

Can conservation tillage mitigate climate change impacts in Mediterranean cereal systems? A soil organic carbon assessment using long term experiments

Simulation models, informed and validated with datasets from long term experiments (LTEs), are considered useful tools to explore the effects of different management strategies on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and evaluate suitable mitigative options for climate change. But, while there are several studies which assessed a better prediction of crop yields using an ensemble of models, no studies are currently available on the evaluation of a model ensemble on SOC stocks. In this study we assessed the advantages of using an ensemble of crop models (APSIM-NWheat, DSSAT, EPIC, SALUS), calibrated and validated with datasets from LTEs, to estimate SOC dynamics. Then we used the mean of the model ensemble to assess the impacts of climate change on SOC stocks under conventional (CT) and conservation tillage practices (NT: No Till; RT: Reduced Tillage). The assessment was completed for two long-term experiment sites (Agugliano – AN and Pisa – PI2 sites) in Italy under rainfed conditions. A durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) – maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system was evaluated under two different climate scenarios over the periods 1971–2000 (CP: Present Climate) and 2021–2050 (CF: Future Climate), generated by setting up a statistical model based on canonical correlation analysis. Our study showed a decrease of SOC stocks in both sites and tillage systems over CF when compared with CP. At the AN site, CT lost −7.3% and NT −7.9% of SOC stock (0–40 cm) under CF. At the PI2 site, CT lost −4.4% and RT −5.3% of SOC stocks (0–40 cm). Even if conservation tillage systems were more impacted under future scenarios, they were still able to store more SOC than CT, so that these practices can be considered viable options to mitigate climate change. Furthermore, at the AN site, under CF, NT demonstrated an annual increase of 0.4%, the target value suggested by the 4 per thousand initiative launched at the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties in Paris. However, RT at the PI2 needs to be coupled with other management strategies, as the introduction of cover crops, to achieve such target.