会说话的石头——从城市景观中的石头看法国南部城市发展逻辑

法国南部城市有着悠久的使用石头建造城市景观和建筑的历史,石头以其稳重而灵活的特性成为构成城市意向的骨架。本文描述了法国南部城市中,石头在传统和现代景观中的存在形式,并总结了现代法国人如何用石头延续城市历史的3种方式。从中可见法国城市发展过程中的连续性逻辑,以及法国人对待历史的谦虚态度。     

中国银杏的种核类型及其特征

银杏种内变异较大。 2 0世纪 5 0年代起 ,通过广泛调查、收集我国银杏的核用品种资源 ,对种实不同发育时期的组织结构及形态特征进行了解剖观察。主要根据种实的珠托、种核的形状、长、宽、厚及种核两侧、顶端的特征 ,将银杏种核分为长子、佛指、马铃、梅核、圆子 5种类型 ,并确定了隶属于各个类型的主要栽培品种。通过对每一类型的种核重、核形指数及种仁中干物质、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、淀粉、粗蛋白、可溶性糖、氢氰酸含量的分析 ,对种核品质作了鉴评 ,为银杏核用品种资源的利用和改良提供了依据。     

核果类果树果实成熟软化机理研究进展

综述了核果类果树果实成熟软化方面的研究进展,包括果实细胞结构与果实成熟软化的关系,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶酯酶、木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶、纤维素酶、糖苷酶、脂氧合酶在果实成熟软化过程中活性的变化和作用,果实成熟软化的基因调控机理。     

Simultaneous detection and genetic variability of stone fruit viroids in the Czech Republic

In this paper, we report a large-scale survey for the incidence of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) in stone fruit collections and commercial orchards in the Czech Republic. From the 645 samples analysed, PLMVd was detected in 80 (26.6%) of peaches and the HSVd in 3 (1.3%) of apricot and 1 (0.33%) of peach trees. Sixty-seven accession of peach (44.6%) from the Czech Clonal GeneBank were infected by PLMVd. In addition, we used naturally infected trees to standardise the simultaneous detection of PLMVd and HSVd plus host mRNA as the control by means of one-step multiplex RTC-PCR. Eleven PLMVd and two HSVd isolates were sequenced and analysed. All the PLMVd variants were highly homologous (97–100%) to previously reported PLMVd variants from Tunisian peach and almond trees, and clustered together in the previously reported phylogenetic group III. The HSVd variants obtained from apricot and peach trees were included in the previously proposed recombinant group PH/cit3.     

Chitosan boehmite-alumina nanocomposite films and thyme oil vapour control brown rot in peaches (Prunus persica L.) during postharvest storage

Brown rot (Monilinia spp.) affects the shelf life, fruit quality and marketability of peaches (Prunus persica L.). Increasing consumer concern regarding food safety makes it necessary to search for natural environmentally friendly alternative products for postharvest disease control. In this investigation, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) punnets containing thyme oil (TO sachets) and sealed with chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films significantly reduced the incidence and severity of brown rot caused by Monilinia laxa in artificially inoculated peach fruits (cv. Kakawa) held at 25 °C for 5 days. Furthermore, PET punnets containing TO sachets and sealed with chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films significantly reduced the brown rot incidence to 10% in naturally infected fruits stored at 0.5 °C, 90% RH for 7 days and at the simulated market shelf conditions for 3 days at 15 °C, 75% RH. The chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films maintained the active components of thyme oil, thymol (56.43% RA), caryophyllen (9.47% RA) and β-linalool (37.6% RA) within the (head space volatiles) punnet. Panellists preferred fruits packed from commercial punnet containing thyme oil (sachets) and sealed with chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films due to overall appearance, taste, and natural peach flavour.     

英石碟景创作与中学美术教学相融合模式研究与实践

广东英德英西中学结合中学美育教学,充分挖掘英石假山盆景的本土化特色与魅力,以"英石碟景"为主要研究方向、创作形式及教学手段,传习国家级非物质文化遗产"英石假山盆景制作技艺"。英西中学美术科英石碟景教研小组的教学过程包括山水审美的常识教学与训练、底图构思和设计、制作实践、交流与点评4个教学步骤。英石假山盆景制作技艺非遗传承的教研活动重在结合美育培养与技术实操两方面。     

旅游区人为干扰对森林群落物种多样性的影响

研究人为干扰对湖北省梭布垭石林针阔混交林森林群落物种多样性的影响。结果表明,人为干扰对乔木层马尾松Pinus massoniana和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata优势种的主体地位和作用没有根本性的改变,但使群落平均胸径（或地径）和平均树高降低,群落种类组成发生变化。重度干扰和中度干扰降低了群落乔木层阔叶树种和灌木层优势种的作用和地位,重要值降低,但增加了群落物种多样性水平。不同干扰类型的群落,在垂直高度1.0 m以下,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数较大,1.1 ~ 3.0 m高度达最大,以后随高度升高,多样性指数降低,在9.1 m以上的高度层,树种单一,多样性为０。图3表3参13     

Evaluation of thiacloprid and clothianidin (neonicotinoids) as alternative to fenthion (organophosphate) for control of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in deciduous fruit orchards

Fenthion (organophosphate) was used in Australia to target adults, eggs and larvae of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata Wiedmann (Diptera: Tephritidae) in deciduous fruits. With its removal from use in 2015, clothianidin and thiacloprid (neonicotinoids) were evaluated for any adulticide, ovicide or larvicide (eggs, larvae) activity against Medfly in a series of laboratory and field-cage experiments in peach and nectarine. We included fenthion in all experiments as a positive control. As an adulticide, fenthion had the greatest residual toxicity on fruit, with 7 d old residues killing 44% of adults within 48 h compared to thiacloprid (17%) and clothianidin (30%). When applied as a larvicide to naturally infested peaches, none of the insecticides was 100% effective, though fewest pupae (1.18 ± 0.19 pupae/fruit) (indirect measurement of larval survival) were produced when treated with fenthion, followed by clothianidin (3.40 ± 0.33 pupae/fruit) and thiacloprid (6.88 ± 0.34 pupae/fruit); with 11.35 ± 0.30 pupae/fruit in control (water). In peaches treated 48 h post-infestation, fenthion was most effective in reducing numbers of pupae and adult emergence and with higher percentage of deformed adults, with thiacloprid=clothianidin. In nectarines treated 48 h post-infestation, fenthion was most effective in reducing numbers of pupae and adult emergence as well as with higher percentage of deformed adults, followed by clothianidin. Insecticides were least effective when applied as a preventative 24 h or 7 d prior to infestation, with fenthion more effective than clothianidin. Whilst our study shows that neither clothianidin nor thiacloprid are equivalent to fenthion, they are acceptable substitutes to growers for use for Medfly in deciduous fruits given that fenthion is no longer available to growers in Australia. We recommend that growers incorporate other controls to target the adult stage rather than rely only on new insecticides.     

小秦岭矿区石渣坡植被恢复与植物配置模式研究

[目的]为小秦岭矿区石渣坡的植被恢复提供依据。[方法]从2005年起,选用多种植物进行小秦岭矿区石渣坡植被恢复试验,提出科学的配置模式。[结果]小秦岭矿区石渣坡植被恢复选择的植物品种为:草本植物(高羊茅、猫尾草)、木质藤本植物(葛藤、爬山虎、五叶地锦)、灌木(珍珠梅、紫穗槐、荆条)、乔木(旱柳、山毛桃、侧柏),配置模式为:草本植物+乔木,适合海拔为500~1 500 m、小气候条件较好的矿区;草本植物+灌木,适合海拔为1 500~2 000 m的矿区;草本植物+藤本植物,适合海拔高于2 000 m、小气候条件较差的矿区。[结论]第1年种草,第2年种植乔木、灌木,科学追肥浇水,可改善小秦岭矿区石渣坡的植被情况。     

论霍译《红楼梦》宗教词汇翻译原则和方法

霍克斯在《红楼梦》的宗教术语的翻译上遵循的基本原则为交际原则,即以读者为主,尽可能采用英语中已有的、可利用的材料进行翻译。霍克斯在不伤及原作基本内容的情况下尽可能地与目标读者缩短审美距离。对于宗教词汇首先采用了等效归化法;其次采用已为西方人熟悉接受的现有音译词,在某些不太为人所知的音译词之后,霍克斯又加上注释;在无现有的可利用的材料的情况下,霍克斯采用意译、解释或省译的方式。在读者能理解的前提下,霍克斯也使用语意翻译法尽可能地传递了一些东方宗教色彩。 关键词：《红楼梦》宗教术语;交际翻译;等效归化