Sorption of Cr(VI) on the wood of Japanese larch treated with concentrated sulfuric acid

A carbonaceous sorbent was prepared from the wood of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) by dehydration with concentrated sulfuric acid in a 69% yield. The abilities of the sorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions were investigated. Research parameters included the initial solution pH, temperature, and initial concentration of Cr(VI) in solution. The removal of Cr(VI) was highly solution pH dependent and was mainly governed by physicochemical sorption under weak acidic conditions. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir constants were calculated at different temperatures, and the sorption capacity increased with rising temperature, indicating the endothermic nature of the Cr(VI) sorption onto the sorbent. The desorption experiments suggest that the Cr(VI) sorption is generally irreversible, owing to strong interaction of HCrO ₄ ⁻ with the active sites of the sorbent.     

Flowability,moisture sorption and thermal properties of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] grain flours

Recently tef is attracting the attention of the modern food industry since it is a gluten-free grain encompassing highly appreciated nutritional advaxntages. As a relatively new raw material, little information on its handling and processing properties is available. Flowability, water sorption characteristics and thermal properties of flours from three Ethiopian tef varieties were studied. Wheat (whole and refined) and rice flours were included as references. Tef flours were less flowable than the reference flours and their flow properties were more sensitive to water activity changes. Tef flours led to sigmoidal sorption isotherms with estimated monolayer water content of 0.053 (BET model) and 0.057 (GAB model) g water/g dry solids. No significant differences among the three tef varieties were observed on their gelatinization enthalpies that were higher than that of wheat and similar to rice. The amylopectin recrystallization extent after 7 days of storage at 4 °C was significantly higher in tef than in wheat flour.     

线性和非线性方法估计单宁酸共存下形成的无定形铝氧化物上菲的吸附等温线参数比较

采用批实验研究了菲在单宁酸干扰下形成的不同晶形铝氧化物上的吸附现象,并用不同的吸附等温线方程对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,重点比较了线性和非线性回归方法估计吸附等温线参数的差异。结果表明:菲在各种晶形的铝氧化物上都有明显的吸附,但并不是完全随着单宁酸含量和结晶度的变化而规律性变化。吸附平衡数据以Langmuir、Redlich-Peterson和Dubinin-Radushkevich吸附等温方程,用不同的回归方法估计的等温线参数值均有显著性差异。线性回归得到的参数有不确定性,表明用线性回归来判断吸附等温线能否对吸附平衡数据进行最优拟合是不可靠的。相反,非线性回归能较好地确定菲在不同晶形铝氧化物上的最佳吸附等温线及相应参数。采用R2和χ2共同检验发现,菲在4种不同结晶度(单宁酸与铝的摩尔比(MR)=0,10-3,10-2,10-1)铝氧化物上的最佳吸附等温线方程并不尽相同,分别为Freundlich,Freundlich,Dubinin-Radushkevich和Freundlich,反映了各种晶形的铝氧化物的表面异质性。修正的Freundlich方程比较不同晶形铝氧化物对菲的相对吸附容量顺序为:MR=10-3MR=10-2MR=0MR=10-1。由此,认为菲在无定形铝氧化物上的吸附是熵驱动的结果。     

Phosphatase activity does not limit the microbial use of low molecular weight organic-P substrates in soil

Plant roots and soil microorganisms contain significant quantities of low molecular weight (MW) phosphorylated nucleosides and sugars. Consequently, upon death these can represent a significant input of organic-P to the soil. Some of these organic-P substrates must first be dephosphorylated by phosphatases before being assimilated by the soil microbial community while others can be taken up directly from soil solution. To determine whether sorption or phosphatase activity was limiting the bioavailability of low MW organic-P in soil we compared the microbial uptake and C mineralization of a range of ¹⁴C-labeled organic-P substrates [glucose-6-phosphate, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] to that of the parent compounds (adenosine and glucose). In a fertile grassland soil we showed that at low organic-P substrate concentrations (<0.5 mM) phosphatase activity did not limit microbial uptake or mineralization in comparison to their non-phosphorylated counterparts. However, at high substrate concentrations (1-10 mM) the mineralization of the organic-P compounds was significantly lower than that of the non-phosphorylated compounds suggesting that phosphatase activity or microbial transporter capacity limited bioavailability. Sorption to the solid phase followed the series glucose<adenosine<G-6-P<AMP<ADP=ATP. However, sorption of the organic-P compounds to the solid phase did not appear to greatly affect bioavailability. The high adenosine mineralization capacity of the microbial biomass suggests that nucleosides may represent a significant source of C and N to the soil microbial biomass. We conclude that at low organic-P substrate concentrations typical of those in soil, neither phosphatase activity nor sorption greatly limits their bioavailability.     

氧化还原条件对土壤磷素固定与释放的影响

为探讨水稻土由氧化环境转为还原条件时对土壤磷素固定与释放的影响,选择18种水稻土样品进行室内模拟实验,通过测定不同条件下磷的等温吸附曲线和采用氧化铁试纸测定法进行多次提取以对比淹水前后土壤磷的累计解吸量,发现大部分供试样品的固磷能力在淹水条件下有了显著的提高,全部样品在淹水后磷的释放量都有不同程度的减少。进一步的研究表明淹水条件下土壤对磷的固定与释放的变化主要与淹水后土壤Eh的降低和pH的升高而导致的大量无定形铁的形成有关。     

土壤中黑碳对农药敌草隆的吸附-解吸迟滞行为研究

采用批处理振荡法和连续稀释法分别测定了敌草隆在人工添加黑碳土壤和自然形成的不同有机质和黑碳含量的土壤中的吸附一解吸行为。吸附结果表明，人工添加黑碳的土壤对敌草隆的吸附强度和吸附容量以及吸附等温线的非线性均随土壤黑碳添加浓度的增加而逐步增大；自然土壤的吸附容量和吸附强度随土壤总有机质含量增加而增加，但吸附等温线的非线性则与土壤中黑碳对有机质的相对含量有关，黑碳比例越高，等温线非线性越大。解吸实验结果表明，无论是人工添加黑碳的土壤还是自然土壤，对敌草隆的解吸迟滞作用均随土壤黑碳含量增高而愈明显。     

Critical body residues (CBRs) for ecotoxicological soil quality assessment: copper in earthworms

The term ‘critical body residue’ (CBR) was defined as the lowest observed total body concentration of a contaminant in an organism, which is associated with the occurrence of adverse toxic effects in either individuals or populations of a defined age or stage of development. In this study, internal toxicity thresholds were determined for copper in the clitellated adult stage of earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa). The objective was to assess the applicability of CBRs as a practical tool in soil quality assessment of contaminated sites and as a means of a sustainable protection of earthworm fauna. Laboratory studies showed that body concentrations of Cu were generally in agreement with the chemically available CaCl₂-extractable fraction in soil, but that there was also some evidence of internal pH-related homeostatic regulation. Toxicological correlates of body Cu concentrations with adverse effects on cocoon production (fecundity) suggested an approximate sublethal internal threshold of about 40 mg kg⁻¹, with mortality occurring at about 60 mg kg⁻¹. Adult L. rubellus sampled from areas with a wide range of metal pollution showed body Cu concentrations with a minimum of 8 mg kg⁻¹ and a maximum of 60 mg kg⁻¹. Beyond this apparent physiological tolerance range, environmental management directed at optimal earthworm population survival may not be sustainable in contaminated fields. Studies of L. rubellus colonizing a metal-contaminated experimental sludge-treated field showed that a reduced rate of colonization can already be associated with an average body Cu concentration of 25 mg kg⁻¹. However, in this particular field situation mixture effects of other metals that were also present in the soil and the occurrence of avoidance behaviour during colonization may have contributed to this low internal toxicity threshold. It is concluded that the CBR approach seems to be a feasible option for use as a tool in a bioavailability-based soil quality assessment, even for essential trace metals like copper, but that further insight may be needed to establish the uncertainty and reliability of the application in environmental quality assessment and decision making.     

铬在土壤中的吸附解吸研究进展

对铬在土壤中的吸附解吸研究进行了综述,土壤中铬的吸附解吸机理包括非专性吸附(离子交换吸附)、专性吸附以及物理表面吸附,分别对pH、氧化还原电位、土壤组分(土壤矿物和有机质)、竞争离子以及离子强度等因素对铬吸附解吸的影响作了论述。文章进一步描述了土壤中铬吸附解吸的数学模型Freundlich方程、Langmuir方程、一级动力学模型、金属-腐殖酸模型(one-sitemodel)和表面络合模型-扩散层模型(DLM)等的研究情况,并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

Influence of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Initial Moisture on Zinc Sorption by Two Arid Soils

Sorption of added zinc to irrigated soils in arid regions is an important process that may control the availability of zinc to growing plants . Two soil surface samples varying in clay , organic matter , and calcium carbonate content were selected from central and southwestern regions of Saudi Arabia and prepared in order to give different initial moisture contents ranging from air dried to 100 % of field capacity . The sorption experiment was conducted using Zn concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 mg L 1, prepared from ZnSO4 either in distilled water or in solutions containing 75 mg L 1 dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Results indicate that the amount of Zn sorbed in the presence of DOC was relatively high compared with the absence of DOC and Zn retention was strongly affected by the initial soil moisture content . Also , equilibrium Zn concentrations were quite low , while Zn retentions were high in all treatments . Data of Zn sorption were described by the Freundlich isotherm , and two linear portions were found in most cases . In the absence of DOC , retentions of added Zn were controlled by the available exchange sites and / or the precipitation of Zn as sparingly soluble forms. Zn ions in the presence of DOC were able to form soluble - Zn organic complexes that adsorb on the soil surfaces . The extent of such behavior was related to the variations in clay , organic matter , and calcium carbonate contents as well as the initial moisture of the soil . Results indicate that addition of DOC reduces the amount of extractable Zn from either soil Zn or the sorbed Zn by ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ( AB DTPA ). More than 80 % of the sorbed Zn was extracted by AB-DTPA , and the percentage of extracted / sorbed Zn decreased with the increase in sorbed Zn . The obtained results give evidence that initial moisture content and addition of DOC reduce the extractability of applied inorganic Zn by AB-DTPA extract in arid soils.     

喷施硅铈溶胶缓解镉铅对小白菜毒害的研究

通过大田试验,在轻度镉-铅复合污染菜地向小白菜叶面喷施不同浓度的硅溶胶、铈溶胶及硅铈复合溶胶,研究其对产量、品质、抗氧化酶活性及Cd、Pb吸收的影响。结果表明,喷施硅铈溶胶均能促进小白菜生长,增加小白菜生物量和提高维生素C、可溶性糖的含量,降低亚硝酸盐的含量;显著增强抗氧化系统保护酶(SOD、POD)活性和降低小白菜地下部、地上部中镉、铅的含量及累积量。在不同浓度的施硅和施铈处理中,喷施0.50 g kg-1SiO2处理和0.20 g kg-1CeO2处理在增产、提升品质和缓解重金属对小白菜毒害上效果最佳,喷施硅铈复合溶胶虽效果显著,但与单独施硅、施铈相比无明显提高。