Phosphorus content in five representative landscape units of the Lomas de Arequipa (Atacama Desert-Peru)

Phosphorus forms and content were studied in soils of the Lomas de Arequipa (Atacama desert, Peru) using a fractionation method. These Lomas are small hills periodically submitted to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) which causes heavy rainfall. Sample soils were randomly selected in five landscape types characterized by vegetation: cactaceae (Cac), cactaceae and herbaceous (CacHerb), shrubs (Shr), trees with cover < 60% (Tree) and shrubs or trees with cover > 60%) (ShrTree). All the soils were strongly acidic and classified as loamy sand, sandy loam or silt loam. Organic carbon content was under 1% in Cac or CacHerb, then increased strongly in ShrTree (6.50%). Considering phosphorus, all the forms (labile as well resistant forms) increased markedly from Cac soils to ShrTree soils. In all the soils, the labile forms (Resin-P: range 45–105 μg g^− 1; NaHCO3-Pi: 23–123 μg g^− 1; or NaHCO3-Po: 10–122 μg g^− 1) were very high. These high phosphorus contents were attributed to the specific climatic conditions of the Lomas that feature a long period of vegetation dormancy (very dry period) and a short period of growth, following ENSO-associated precipitation. We suggested that during the dry period, plant decay and microbial cells death lead to release and accumulation of labile P in the soil, the rainfall wetting the soil, permitting vegetation growth. In this respect, the Lomas climatic conditions contribute to soil fertility, especially as labile forms of phosphorus are chiefly concerned.     

香港土壤研究 Ⅲ.土壤中多环芳烃的含量及其来源初探

通过对香港地区53个土壤样品多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的分析,并利用GIS空间数据管理功能,揭示了香港土壤中PAHs的含量和空间分布特征,同时,运用比值法定性地判断了土壤中PAHs的来源。研究结果表明:香港土壤中可以检测出16种美国环保署规定的优控PAHs中的15种(二苯并(a,h)蒽未被检测到),郊野土壤中PAHs的平均含量为34.2±16.0μg kg-1,而城区土壤中PAHs的平均含量为169±123μg kg-1,港岛动植物公园土壤中的苯并(a)芘的含量最高达到了47.2μg kg-1。在PAHs的来源上,前者的PAHs可能主要来自山火焚烧,而后者可能主要与城区的汽车尾气排放有密切的联系。     

Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates.In this respect, various research questions can be identified. The most important ones are:

What is the contribution of gully erosion to overall soil loss and sediment production at various temporal and spatial scales and under different climatic and land use conditions?

What are appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring and experimental studies of the initiation and development of various gully types at various temporal and spatial scales?

Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments in terms of flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils and land use?

How does gully erosion interact with hydrological processes as well as with other soil degradation processes?

What are appropriate models of gully erosion, capable of predicting (a) erosion rates at various temporal and spatial scales and (b) the impact of gully development on hydrology, sediment yield and landscape evolution?

What are efficient gully prevention and gully control measures? What can be learned from failures and successes of gully erosion control programmes?

These questions need to be answered first if we want to improve our insights into the impacts of environmental change on gully erosion. This paper highlights some of these issues by reviewing recent examples taken from various environments.     

Influence of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Initial Moisture on Zinc Sorption by Two Arid Soils

Sorption of added zinc to irrigated soils in arid regions is an important process that may control the availability of zinc to growing plants . Two soil surface samples varying in clay , organic matter , and calcium carbonate content were selected from central and southwestern regions of Saudi Arabia and prepared in order to give different initial moisture contents ranging from air dried to 100 % of field capacity . The sorption experiment was conducted using Zn concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 mg L 1, prepared from ZnSO4 either in distilled water or in solutions containing 75 mg L 1 dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Results indicate that the amount of Zn sorbed in the presence of DOC was relatively high compared with the absence of DOC and Zn retention was strongly affected by the initial soil moisture content . Also , equilibrium Zn concentrations were quite low , while Zn retentions were high in all treatments . Data of Zn sorption were described by the Freundlich isotherm , and two linear portions were found in most cases . In the absence of DOC , retentions of added Zn were controlled by the available exchange sites and / or the precipitation of Zn as sparingly soluble forms. Zn ions in the presence of DOC were able to form soluble - Zn organic complexes that adsorb on the soil surfaces . The extent of such behavior was related to the variations in clay , organic matter , and calcium carbonate contents as well as the initial moisture of the soil . Results indicate that addition of DOC reduces the amount of extractable Zn from either soil Zn or the sorbed Zn by ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ( AB DTPA ). More than 80 % of the sorbed Zn was extracted by AB-DTPA , and the percentage of extracted / sorbed Zn decreased with the increase in sorbed Zn . The obtained results give evidence that initial moisture content and addition of DOC reduce the extractability of applied inorganic Zn by AB-DTPA extract in arid soils.     

浅谈我国农田土壤重金属污染现状及修复研究

农田土壤重金属污染导致农作物重金属含量超标,这些重金属随食物链进入人体内,对人体健康造成危害。了解农田土壤重金属污染现状、重金属污染对农作物的危害,以及污染农田的治理修复,对维护人体健康具有重要意义。本文综述了我国农田土壤重金属污染现状,分析了农田土壤重金属污染可能对农作物造成的影响,概括了目前农田土壤重金属污染的主要治理方式,并分析了这些治理方式的差异性和优缺点,对未来农田土壤重金属污染治理的方向作出了展望。为该领域初学者了解该领域研究方向、发展趋势和研究热点提供了指导,也为我国农田土壤重金属污染治理的进一步研究提供参考。     

细河沿岸土壤5种重金属污染现状评价

以细河沿岸污染土壤为对象,选取富官、翟家、大潘、彰驿站、大兀拉、前余6个区域,分0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm三层采集土壤样本,分析测定土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的含量,应用单项质量指数和综合质量指数对土壤重金属污染现状进行评价。结果发现,研究区域的土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的含量分别为:20.96~78.49,6.73~155.54,22.86~159.99,0.61~7.69,1.87~18.99 mg/kg。6个区域土壤0~30 cm三层的综合污染指数达到1.52~18.7,说明重金属污染严重,且中下游的4个区域土壤污染程度呈现随土层深度增加而加重的趋势;其中,Cd污染最重,所有样点三个土层Cd含量均超土壤环境质量标准的二级标准限值,超标达1.02~24.62倍;Cu,仅富官的部分样点超标,为轻度污染(PCu≤1.49),Ni、Zn、Pb则6个区域均未受明显污染。     

土壤中甲磺隆钠盐残留量的NPLC和GC分析

用液相色谱——紫外检测法和气相色谱——电子捕获检测法分析土壤中超高效除草剂——甲磺隆钠盐的残留量。土壤样品用乙腈提取,提取液用经活化的PT—Si净化柱净化。两种方法回收率分别达到96.9％和97.0％。     

嘉兴平原桑园土壤分类及肥力的调查

选择浙北嘉兴平原桑园代表性土壤，进行调查，研究其成因、分类及特性，并对高低产桑园土壤的理化性状进行化验分析，明确了嘉兴平原桑园土壤是历史上由人工堆迭而成，在分类系统上归属于潮湿土纲、正常潮湿土亚纲、潮土土类、暗潮土亚类、堆迭土土属，又分为粘质堆迭土、壤质堆迭土、粉质堆迭土３个土种。在统计众多土壤理化性状数据的基础上，暂拟本区高产桑园土壤１６项理化性状，作为本地区桑园地力建设的参考。     

土壤熟化剂在新垦灌区的应用效果研究

试验表明,在新垦灌区土壤上,施用土壤熟化剂均可使小麦、玉米、油葵、豌豆、胡麻增产,增幅在12.83%~47.92%之间且增产效果极显著(p<0.001)。对作物的各经济性状指标均有不同程度的改善,其中对穗长和千(百)粒重的改善效果最明显(p<0.005)。对土壤的物理化学性质都有较明显的改善。     

地表粗糙度对黄土坡面产流机制的影响

为探明地表粗糙度对坡面产流机制的影响,该研究通过室内与室外径流小区模拟降雨试验相结合,分析在3种雨强(60、90、120 mm/h)下粗糙坡面与平整坡面(坡度5°、10°、15°、20°)产流点位空间分布和坡面产流时间特征,阐明地表粗糙度对坡面产流机制的影响。结果表明:粗糙坡面与平整坡面产流点位沿径流方向的变异系数分别为34.4%~52.9%、15.5%~31.1%,即粗糙坡面产流点位较平整坡面更为分散。相较于平整坡面,地表粗糙度具有推迟坡面产流效应,且推迟效应随坡度、雨强增大而逐渐减弱。表明地表粗糙度在小坡度、小雨强条件下具有较强延迟坡面产流能力。地表粗糙度影响坡面产流一方面通过地表填洼的直接作用;另一方面通过增加降水入渗水头,增强坡面入渗能力的间接作用。通过坡面地表填洼量预测的初始产流时间与实测坡面产流时间比值范围为2.2%~36.2%,表明地表粗糙度间接作用为延迟坡面产流的主导作用。因此,该研究结果阐明了粗糙坡面的点状产流与坡面产流特征,进一步为粗糙坡面产流机制的揭示及地表粗糙度对坡面土壤侵蚀机理的影响提供了科学依据。