Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

维生素E与母牛繁殖

维生素E是一种有效的抗氧化剂，具有广乏的生理功能，对提高机体免疫力，提高母牛繁殖力和预防产科疾病有重要的意义。本文从它的生理功能、来源及与母牛繁殖关系的最新研究成果进行了综述。     

Aerosol therapy in the equine species

Inhalation therapy plays an increasing role in the management of equine respiratory disorders. Thisalternative to systematic treatment permits a high concentration of medication to act locally while minimizing side effects and residues. In human medicine, literature in this field is prolific and continuously renewed, whereas in veterinary medicine, applications of aerosol therapy are less extensive. This review considers the principles of action of the different types of devices used for inhalation, i.e., nebulization, metered-dose inhalation and dry powder inhalation, describes the technical and practical requirements for their use in the equine species and considers the advantages and disadvantages of each inhalation device. The pharmacological agents currently administered to horses by inhalation are also discussed. Perspectives of aerosol therapy in the equine species, including aerosols already used in human medicine and their potential applications for horses are described.     

Suppression of wheat-seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochium nivale using bacterial seed treatment

Snow mould, caused by Microdochium nivale , and seedling blight caused by members of the Fusarium complex, are cereal diseases of great economic importance in many temperate zones. In a glasshouse bioassay designed to enhance disease, about 600 plant-associated bacterial isolates obtained by different methods were screened for suppressive effects in wheat against infection caused by Fusarium culmorum . Although most of the isolates tested had a neutral effect on test plants and disease development, a few were synergistic to the pathogen and about one-fifth showed > 80% disease suppression. During five consecutive growing seasons, 164 bacterial isolates were tested in field experiments against both F. culmorum and M. nivale as causal agents of seedling blight. Tests for effects on yield in experiments with spring and winter wheat, performed in different climatic regions of Sweden, showed that disease-suppressive effects were repeatable. The most efficient isolates, three fluorescent pseudomonads and a species of Pantoea , suppressed disease equal to that of the fungicide guazatine, both with respect to crop stand and yield. Seed treatment with Pantoea sp. (isolate MF 626) increased yield by an average of more than 500 kg ha⁻¹ in six field experiments.     

两系稻制种穗期病害发生较重的原因及防治措施

调查分析稻粒黑粉病、穗颈稻瘟等两系杂交稻制种穗期主要病害的发生原因,提出了清除菌源、轮换制种、健身栽培、对口药剂防治等防治措施。     

基于卷积神经网络的家蚕病害识别研究

病害是我国养蚕业健康发展面临的主要威胁之一,为研究机械化养蚕模式下的家蚕病害防治方法,采用卷积神经网络进行家蚕病害图像的识别研究。首先在实际环境下,采用饲养和添食病原的方法,集中获取家蚕品种芳·秀×白·春在大蚕期的部分生长阶段下患脓病、微粒子病、白僵病、细菌病、农药中毒以及健康状态的样本,并开展图像采集工作,构建出家蚕病害图像数据集。其次采用特征融合和缩减结构的方法,对残差神经网络进行部分改进,以避免直接使用该算法会导致不必要的计算耗损。最后进行家蚕病害识别试验。结果表明:卷积神经网络能够高效准确识别家蚕病害图像,使用改进的算法在测试集上的准确率达到94.31%,与标准的残差神经网络准确率相当,但训练的参数量仅为原来的1/3,且识别效率大幅提升,更有利于网络的训练与部署。     

基于CNN-Transformer的农作物病虫害知识问答意图识别与槽位填充联合模型

意图识别与槽位填充是农作物病虫害知识问答中问题理解的两个重要任务。在已有面向农业领域的研究中,上述任务仍被视为两个完全独立的子任务,并且未充分利用意图识别与槽位填充的语义信息。为此,该研究提出一种基于CNN-Transformer的意图识别与槽位填充联合模型（CDPCT-IDSF）。该模型根据农作物病虫害文本语义复杂设计CNN网络与多层Transformer结合强调局部的有用信息以缓解语义缺失问题;然后在Transformer解码器中引入对齐保证输入与输出一对一关系以提高识别正确槽位标签的能力。此外,进一步构建了包含20个意图类别、12个槽位类别和11242条标注样本的农业病虫害知识问答数据集进行对比试验,CDPCT-IDSF模型在该语料库上的槽位填充F1值为94.36%,意图识别精度为92.99%,整体识别精度为87.23%,优于其他对比模型,结果证明了所提模型在农作物病虫害意图识别与槽位填充任务上的有效性,可为面向农作物病虫害的知识问答研究提供理论支撑。     

全州县金槐病虫害调查与防治

对广西全州县的金槐病虫害种类进行了调查。结果表明,全州县金槐病害有6种,虫害有14种;总结了金槐病虫害的发生与分布特点．分析了影响病虫害发生与分布的因素,并提出了相应的防治措施。     

商洛市平菇栽培及病虫害防治关键技术

商洛市作为我国平菇栽培的重要产区之一,拥有超过50年的平菇人工栽培历史,商洛地区平菇产业不仅在农业经济方面取得显著成就,而且深受市场和消费者喜爱。本文系统总结了近年来商洛市平菇的栽培技术及病虫害防治策略。详细介绍了商洛市平菇目前主推的栽培的季节及品种选择、栽培配方、制袋、养菌管理、出菇管理、采收等内容,分析了平菇的常见病虫害,并提出了相应的防治措施。这项研究为商洛地区平菇产业的发展壮大提供了技术支持。     

Therapeutic Intervention with Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviates Fish Pathological and Molecular Systemic Inflammatory Responses against Infections

Marine bio-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) are antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agents beneficial for fish medicine. Herein, dietary CSNP was investigated for the amelioration of the systemic inflammatory responses of an induced fish model. One hundred and forty-four rainbow trout were assigned to one pathogen-free and non-supplemented group (negative control), and three challenged groups: non-supplemented (positive control), CSNP-preventive, and CSNP-therapeutic. After a feeding experiment extended for 21 days, the organosomatic indices (OSI) and molecular aspects were assessed. After a challenge experiment extended for further 28 days, CSNP-therapeutic intervention was assessed on fish survival and systemic inflammatory responses on pathology, histo-morphology, and molecular aspects. With CSNP administration, OSI nonsignificantly decreased and the relative expression of targeted inflammatory-mediator genes was significantly increased. The CSNP-therapeutic fish showed an RPS of 80% as compared to the positive control group, and CSNP-therapeutic administration retained the highest gene expression augmentation up to 28 days after the challenge. Notably, the splenic reticulin fibers framework of the CSNP-therapeutic group retained the highest integrity among the groups during the infection. After recovery, reticulin fibers density in the CSNP-therapeutic samples was significantly higher than in the negative control group, which indicates high innate immunity. Thus, CSNP showed promising biotherapeutic features enhancing fish resistance against infections.