蚯蚓粪对柑橘幼苗抗草甘膦胁迫的影响

草甘膦在柑橘园除草中得到大量使用，对农作物生长、果实品质、产量和质量造成影响。如何降低草甘膦对柑橘树的生物可利用性，从而降低其对农作物造成的药害、提高果实品质和食品安全将至关重要。本文在前期研究的基础上通过施用蚯蚓粪，表征蚯蚓粪作用下土壤中残留草甘膦对柑橘幼苗的生物有效性和生物毒性效应。结果显示，蚯蚓粪能够显著增强其生物有效性（BCF值显著增大）；显著降低草甘膦在土壤中的残留量到草甘膦单独处理组的55.15%，从而减少草甘膦在柑橘幼苗植株中的积累。同时，蚯蚓粪的施用能促进植物的茁壮生长，使抗氧化酶活力较对照组显著提高，从而具有更强的抗逆能力。在这两方面的共同作用下，蚯蚓粪显著减轻了土壤中残留草甘膦对柑橘幼苗的胁迫，使其株高、根长和相应的干重较草甘膦单独施用时增长了26.23%-140.11%，甚至成为对照组的1.03倍和1.13倍。此研究对兼顾化肥有机替代的草甘膦污染土壤的修复和高效利用具有重要意义。     

Introduction to the International Symposium on Lipid Science and Health and research progress in lipid science and health

The International Symposium on Lipid Science and Health (ISLSH), which was organized annually by Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (OCRI-CAAS) since 2016, has gained a strong reputation and attracted hundreds of delegates from around the world for discussion of lipid research trends and advances every year, to promote research and academic exchanges in the fields of lipid science and health. The 5th International Symposium on lipid Science and Health was successfully held in Wuhan, China, from October 23rd to 25th, 2020, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of OCRI-CAAS. The two-day symposium gathered well-known experts specialized in lipid science to share the current state of lipid research with emphasis on aspects covering: (1) lipid profiling and characterization, (2) lipid preparation and modification, (3) lipid improvement and regulation, and (4) lipid nutrition and health. The symposium was conducted by a combination of on-site and network meeting. More than 250 distinguished delegates from academia and industry participated in the on-site multidisciplinary meeting, and thousands of scholars attended the virtual event. This paper is as a record of the symposium proceedings and a brief summary of the advances and trends in 4 aspects of lipid science and health.     

烤烟套种甘薯对烟叶质量、烟薯产量及土壤温湿度的影响

为筛选出适宜与烤烟套种的甘薯品种,解决部分烟区烤烟种植调茬难度大与综合效益低等问题,通过田间大区试验,研究烤烟套种不同甘薯品种对烟叶质量、烟薯产量及土壤温湿度的影响。结果表明,烟薯套种能够明显提升土壤相对含水率和烟叶产量,其相对含水率提高幅度介于12.03%~91.88%,烤烟产量增幅为12.29%~31.26%。烤烟套种甘薯以紫薯产量最高,块根产量达29400 kg/hm ²,且单薯质量大于100 g占总薯重的比例在紫薯中最高。烤烟套种甘薯提升了烤烟中上部烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量,降低了烟碱和总氮含量,有利于改善烟叶内在品质。烤烟套种甘薯降低了上部烟叶含梗率,但增大了上部烟叶叶面密度,以烤烟套种紫薯表现突出。烤烟与紫薯套种,可作为一种烟田增产、烟叶增值和烟农增收的种植模式。     

中国三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量

为给内蒙古高原区、黄土高原区和西北荒漠绿洲区紫花苜蓿测土施肥奠定科学基础,采用零散实验数据整合法以及养分平衡-地力差减法,开展了三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量研究。结果表明,内蒙古高原区紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾第1~4级指标依次为≥342mg/kg、89~342mg/kg、24~89mg/kg和<24mg/kg,黄土高原区第1~6级指标依次为≥171mg/kg、96~171mg/kg、54~96mg/kg、30~54mg/kg、17~30mg/kg和<17mg/kg,西北荒漠绿洲区第1~4级指标依次为≥303mg/kg、140~303mg/kg、65~140mg/kg和<65mg/kg;当目标产量9~27t/hm²、钾肥利用率50%时,第1~6级土壤的推荐施钾量分别为0、54~162kg/hm²、108~324kg/hm²、162~486kg/hm²、216~648kg/hm²和270~810kg/hm²。     

固原鸡品种选育和杂交改良的基本思路和关键措施

为充分发挥固原鸡品种的遗传潜力和杂种优势,推进地方鸡品种的开发利用,本文总结了一些蛋鸡和肉鸡的选育方法,结合传统育种和基因组水平选育的技术方法,以及目前固原鸡生产性能和种群开发利用现状,提出对固原鸡选育提高和杂交改良的思路和建议。     

调理剂(微肥)对水稻产量及稻谷中重金属的影响

通过田间小区试验，研究了9种水稻产量和铅、镉的差异，并研究了9种调理剂在水稻不同生长其施用对晚稻产量及稻米重金属的影响。结果表明：（1）泰优398中铅和镉的含量均较低，且均未超标；最优的水稻品种为早丰优华占，其次是泰优398和桃湖优莉晶；（2）调理剂A和钝化剂A作基肥处理后稻谷中铅超标，分别超出了20%和15%；仅有石灰处理的稻谷中铅的含量降低了20%；稻谷中镉均未超标；微肥作基肥施加后稻谷中镉均有不同程度的增加；处理后稻谷产量均有增加，其中调理剂B施加后稻谷产量增加最多，增加了22.42%；石灰施加后理增加3.38%；（3）石灰和硒肥作追肥施加后稻谷中铅的含量均降低88.24%；硅肥、硒肥和铁肥作追肥施加后稻谷中镉分别降低了62.92%、52.81%和44.94%；石灰、铁肥和硒肥施加后稻谷产量降低0.04%、0.14%和5.25%；锌肥和硅肥施加后稻谷产量增加10.08%和0.16%；硅肥和石灰作追肥处理效果最佳。     

农田边界植物多样性与生态服务功能研究进展

农业集约化和城市化导致农业景观重要生境发生巨大变化,农田野生动植物数量下降。农田边界作为农业景观中重要的组成部分,其丰富的物种组成,不仅具有重要的生态功能,也具有重要的景观价值。本研究对农业生态系统农田边界植物多样性进行阐述,论述了影响农田边界植物多样性的影响因素和生态服务功能。综述研究显示,农田边界具有类型多样性、物种多样性、植物功能类型多样性及时空结构多样性特征;其影响因素主要包括农田边界结构、农田边界管理、周边土地利用影响以及景观结构特征的影响4个方面;农田边界生态功能包括生产、环境保护、野生动植物保护和景观美学功能等;最后总结了不同类型农田边界生态植被营建模式与优化途径,对中国农田边界植被管护提出了一些建议。     

Soil Nutrients Status after Fifty Years of Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization

Long-term studies are valuable in assessing the impact of crop management practices on soil sustainability and function. This study used two calculation scenarios, fixed depth and Equivalent Soil Mass (ESM) to assess (i) soil nutrient status and (ii) soil organic carbon (SOC) after 50 years of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates (0, 22, 45, and 67 kg N ha^?1) and tillage [clean tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT)] in a dryland winter wheat-sorghum-fallow cropping system. The soil organic matter (SOM) content increased by 33% with NT and RT compared with CT. The SOC at 0–30 cm was 39% greater than 30–60 cm depth with both fixed depth and ESM calculations. Soil nutrient specifically soil calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) associated with N rates were no different than the control. Crop nutrient removal may eventually reduce soil nutrient contents with only N application. Nutrient addition specifically P should be considered in the future.     

土壤硒形态及其相互转化因子的研究

近年来,天然富硒农产品的生产及加工成为研究热点。决定植物硒含量的主要因素为土壤有效形态硒含量,因此了解土壤硒形态及转化关系,寻找提高硒有效性方法尤为重要。笔者通过对国内外硒研究文献的整理和分析,对土壤硒形态的分类、土壤硒形态间的转化及提高土壤硒有效性的因素等进行深入分析。了解土壤硒化学形态和浸提形态及其关系,进一步研究不同形态间转化的驱动因子,寻找提高富硒区土壤硒有效性的方法。结合不同富硒区域土壤及作物特点,采取不同的硒素活化方法,为进一步开展相关研究提供更多科学依据。