Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

Effects of DHRS3 in C2C12 Myoblast Differentiation and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Injury

Myoblast differentiation is an essential process during skeletal muscle development. C2 C12 myoblast is a commonly used experimental model to study muscle cell differentiation in vitro. Dehydrogenase/reductase(SDR family) member 3(DHRS3) is a highly conserved member in short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily and has been shown to be involved in the metabolism of retinol. Previous experimental results showed that the expression of DHRS3 increased significantly during the differentiation of myoblasts differentiation. However, the effect of DHRS3 on mouse muscle cell differentiation was unclear. The objective of current study was to determine if DHRS3 affected muscle cell differentiation, and if DHRS3 was involved in muscle regeneration. Protein expression was determined by western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. The activation and inhibition of DHRS3 increased and decreased C2 C12 myoblast differentiation respectively, which indicated that DHRS3 could affect C2 C12 myoblast differentiation. DHRS3 expression was significantly changed during muscle regeneration, with the regeneration of muscle injury, the expression of DHRS3 tended to increase first and then decrease. It suggested that DHRS3 might be involved in muscle regeneration. In summary, this study confirmed the involvement of DHRS3 in C2 C12 myoblast differentiation and mouse skeletal muscle regeneration and provided a theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of muscle development.     

蚯蚓粪对柑橘幼苗抗草甘膦胁迫的影响

草甘膦在柑橘园除草中得到大量使用，对农作物生长、果实品质、产量和质量造成影响。如何降低草甘膦对柑橘树的生物可利用性，从而降低其对农作物造成的药害、提高果实品质和食品安全将至关重要。本文在前期研究的基础上通过施用蚯蚓粪，表征蚯蚓粪作用下土壤中残留草甘膦对柑橘幼苗的生物有效性和生物毒性效应。结果显示，蚯蚓粪能够显著增强其生物有效性（BCF值显著增大）；显著降低草甘膦在土壤中的残留量到草甘膦单独处理组的55.15%，从而减少草甘膦在柑橘幼苗植株中的积累。同时，蚯蚓粪的施用能促进植物的茁壮生长，使抗氧化酶活力较对照组显著提高，从而具有更强的抗逆能力。在这两方面的共同作用下，蚯蚓粪显著减轻了土壤中残留草甘膦对柑橘幼苗的胁迫，使其株高、根长和相应的干重较草甘膦单独施用时增长了26.23%-140.11%，甚至成为对照组的1.03倍和1.13倍。此研究对兼顾化肥有机替代的草甘膦污染土壤的修复和高效利用具有重要意义。     

烤烟套种甘薯对烟叶质量、烟薯产量及土壤温湿度的影响

为筛选出适宜与烤烟套种的甘薯品种,解决部分烟区烤烟种植调茬难度大与综合效益低等问题,通过田间大区试验,研究烤烟套种不同甘薯品种对烟叶质量、烟薯产量及土壤温湿度的影响。结果表明,烟薯套种能够明显提升土壤相对含水率和烟叶产量,其相对含水率提高幅度介于12.03%~91.88%,烤烟产量增幅为12.29%~31.26%。烤烟套种甘薯以紫薯产量最高,块根产量达29400 kg/hm ²,且单薯质量大于100 g占总薯重的比例在紫薯中最高。烤烟套种甘薯提升了烤烟中上部烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量,降低了烟碱和总氮含量,有利于改善烟叶内在品质。烤烟套种甘薯降低了上部烟叶含梗率,但增大了上部烟叶叶面密度,以烤烟套种紫薯表现突出。烤烟与紫薯套种,可作为一种烟田增产、烟叶增值和烟农增收的种植模式。     

中国三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量

为给内蒙古高原区、黄土高原区和西北荒漠绿洲区紫花苜蓿测土施肥奠定科学基础,采用零散实验数据整合法以及养分平衡-地力差减法,开展了三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量研究。结果表明,内蒙古高原区紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾第1~4级指标依次为≥342mg/kg、89~342mg/kg、24~89mg/kg和<24mg/kg,黄土高原区第1~6级指标依次为≥171mg/kg、96~171mg/kg、54~96mg/kg、30~54mg/kg、17~30mg/kg和<17mg/kg,西北荒漠绿洲区第1~4级指标依次为≥303mg/kg、140~303mg/kg、65~140mg/kg和<65mg/kg;当目标产量9~27t/hm²、钾肥利用率50%时,第1~6级土壤的推荐施钾量分别为0、54~162kg/hm²、108~324kg/hm²、162~486kg/hm²、216~648kg/hm²和270~810kg/hm²。     

不同合成树脂工艺对改性材性能影响研究

为研究树脂对改性材性能的影响，采用2种不同工艺合成三聚氰胺-脲醛树脂（MUF），测试了树脂的相关性能。结果表明，不同合成工艺路线下制备的 MUF 树脂在固体含量、粘度、固化时间、游离甲醛含量间存在显著差异。最终树脂的分子结构类型相似性极高，但相同结构组分在不同树脂中所占比例各有差异。羟甲基基团在MUF2中所占比例高，而亚甲基桥键及醚键在MUF1中含量高。MUF1改性材的增重率（weight percent gain，WPG）值更大，但MUF2改性材的抗溶胀性（anti-swelling efficiency，ASE）和体积膨胀率（bulking rates，B）更高，MUF2改性材的尺寸稳定性更好。     

调理剂(微肥)对水稻产量及稻谷中重金属的影响

通过田间小区试验，研究了9种水稻产量和铅、镉的差异，并研究了9种调理剂在水稻不同生长其施用对晚稻产量及稻米重金属的影响。结果表明：（1）泰优398中铅和镉的含量均较低，且均未超标；最优的水稻品种为早丰优华占，其次是泰优398和桃湖优莉晶；（2）调理剂A和钝化剂A作基肥处理后稻谷中铅超标，分别超出了20%和15%；仅有石灰处理的稻谷中铅的含量降低了20%；稻谷中镉均未超标；微肥作基肥施加后稻谷中镉均有不同程度的增加；处理后稻谷产量均有增加，其中调理剂B施加后稻谷产量增加最多，增加了22.42%；石灰施加后理增加3.38%；（3）石灰和硒肥作追肥施加后稻谷中铅的含量均降低88.24%；硅肥、硒肥和铁肥作追肥施加后稻谷中镉分别降低了62.92%、52.81%和44.94%；石灰、铁肥和硒肥施加后稻谷产量降低0.04%、0.14%和5.25%；锌肥和硅肥施加后稻谷产量增加10.08%和0.16%；硅肥和石灰作追肥处理效果最佳。     

Soil Nutrients Status after Fifty Years of Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization

Long-term studies are valuable in assessing the impact of crop management practices on soil sustainability and function. This study used two calculation scenarios, fixed depth and Equivalent Soil Mass (ESM) to assess (i) soil nutrient status and (ii) soil organic carbon (SOC) after 50 years of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates (0, 22, 45, and 67 kg N ha^?1) and tillage [clean tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT)] in a dryland winter wheat-sorghum-fallow cropping system. The soil organic matter (SOM) content increased by 33% with NT and RT compared with CT. The SOC at 0–30 cm was 39% greater than 30–60 cm depth with both fixed depth and ESM calculations. Soil nutrient specifically soil calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) associated with N rates were no different than the control. Crop nutrient removal may eventually reduce soil nutrient contents with only N application. Nutrient addition specifically P should be considered in the future.     

土壤硒形态及其相互转化因子的研究

近年来,天然富硒农产品的生产及加工成为研究热点。决定植物硒含量的主要因素为土壤有效形态硒含量,因此了解土壤硒形态及转化关系,寻找提高硒有效性方法尤为重要。笔者通过对国内外硒研究文献的整理和分析,对土壤硒形态的分类、土壤硒形态间的转化及提高土壤硒有效性的因素等进行深入分析。了解土壤硒化学形态和浸提形态及其关系,进一步研究不同形态间转化的驱动因子,寻找提高富硒区土壤硒有效性的方法。结合不同富硒区域土壤及作物特点,采取不同的硒素活化方法,为进一步开展相关研究提供更多科学依据。     

小麦-玉米轮作体系中土壤细菌菌群结构及多样性分析

合理的轮作可以改善土壤微生物群落结构，提高土壤肥力，减少病虫害的发生。为了探讨小麦和玉米轮作对土壤细菌的影响，采用传统PCR克隆文库构建、克隆测序并结合EzBioCloud细菌分类鉴定，对河南小麦-玉米轮作体系下农田土壤细菌的菌群结构变化及多样性特征进行了分析。结果表明，变形菌门（33.73%）和拟杆菌门（31.50%）细菌是小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤中最主要的优势菌群，其次为酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门等。在小麦和玉米生长期内细菌的丰度和多样性明显高于二者的间隔期；玉米生长期间细菌菌群丰度和物种多样性更高。不同的微生物群落在土壤中担负不同的生态功能。